Determinants of entrepreneurship: are women different?
Determinantes do empreendedorismo: são as mulheres diferentes?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34140/bjbv5n1-005Palavras-chave:
empreendedorismo, mulheres, determinantes, oportunidade e necessidadeResumo
Neste artigo, investigamos pela primeira vez, como os determinantes individuais do empreendedorismo - como idade, renda, educação, situação profissional, competências, acesso a redes de negócios e medo do fracasso - diferem entre homens e mulheres. Conduzimos nosso exercício usando dados individuais fornecidos pelo Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), disponível para 46 países, entre 2001 e 2004. A literatura sobre empreendedorismo revelou diferenças na taxa de empreendedorismo entre homens e mulheres, com as mulheres geralmente apresentando menor taxa de atividade empreendedora comparativamente aos homens. Isso é relevante, pois, como mostramos, a atividade empreendedora em todos os países está positivamente relacionada com a proporção de empreendedores femininos relativamente aos masculinos. Examinamos as taxas totais de empreendedorismo, bem como o empreendedorismo impulsionado pela oportunidade e pela necessidade. Descobrimos que, de fato, as taxas de atividade empreendedora são mais baixas para as mulheres em todos os países da amostra, exceto um. Olhando para grupos categóricos – por faixa etária, educação, situação profissional, etc. – descobrimos que as taxas de empreendedorismo feminino são significativamente mais baixas do que as masculinas. Pela primeira vez, testamos as diferenças nas características de empreendedores do sexo feminino e masculino e descobrimos que as mulheres empreendedoras são um pouco mais velhas, são mais frequentemente trabalhadores domésticos ou não trabalham, têm renda e escolaridade mais baixas e menos acesso a redes de negócios comparativamente aos homens empreendedores. Quanto aos próprios determinantes das taxas de empreendedorismo, as principais diferenças entre os sexos são o menor impacto do ensino secundário e o maior impacto das competências e medo do fracasso nas taxas de empreendedorismo feminino em relação aos homens. Os resultados para o empreendedorismo por oportunidade e por necessidade confirmam a maior importância das competências específicas para as mulheres na criação de novos negócios. Nossos resultados sugerem que facilitar o acesso a redes de negócios e competências específicas para os negócios são os instrumentos mais poderosos para aumentar as taxas de empreendedorismo feminino.
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