Caracterización de la estructura en comunidades coralinas mediante el uso de fotogrametría submarina en Isla de la Plata
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv12n1-045Keywords:
Isla de la Plata, SfM, corales, arrecifesAbstract
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la estructura y composición de comunidades coralinas hermatípicas en tres sitios de Isla de la Plata (Fragatas, Palo Santo y Faro), empleando fotogrametría submarina mediante la técnica Structure-from-Motion (SfM). Se implementaron transectos de 15 m × 2 m, en los cuales se capturaron secuencias de imágenes utilizando una cámara GoPro Hero 10. Las imágenes fueron procesadas en Agisoft Metashape para generar modelos tridimensionales, ortomosaicos, y posteriormente analizadas en el software CPCe con la finalidad de estimar cobertura bentónica y diversidad coralina. Los resultados indicaron una cobertura promedio de coral vivo de 50,68 % en Fragatas, 56,67 % en Palo Santo y 48,59 % en Faro, con Pocillopora damicornis como especie dominante en todos los sitios. Los índices de diversidad de Shannon-Weaver oscilaron entre 0,26 y 0,43. No se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en torno a la cobertura de coral vivo (prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, p > 0,05) sin embargo encontrándose valores simbólicos en relación a cobertura de coral muerto (p < 0.05)entre los sitios evaluados. Este estudio demuestra que la fotogrametría submarina es una herramienta eficiente, replicable y de bajo costo para el monitoreo de arrecifes coralinos, proporcionando datos de alta resolución espacial. Su aplicación en programas de monitoreo ecológico a largo plazo, complementada con variables fisicoquímicas y un enfoque multiescalar, permitiría optimizar las estrategias de gestión y conservación de ecosistemas arrecifales en áreas marinas protegidas.
References
Abdurrahim, A. Y., Adhuri, D. S., Ross, H., & Phelan, A. (2022). Community champions of ecosystem services: The role of local agency in protecting Indonesian coral reefs. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10, 868218. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2022.868218
Afandy, Z., Damar, A., & Agus, S. B. (2019). Coral Recruitment Spatial Distribution in its Relation With Coral Cover and Herbivorous Fish Abundance Within Conservation Area. Ilmu Kelautan: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 24(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.24.2.91-98
Cairns, S. D. (2007). Deep-water corals: An overview with special reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water scleractinian corals. *Bulletin of Marine Science*, 81(Suppl 1), 311–322.
Castrillón-Cifuentes, A. L., Zapata, F. A., & Wild, C. (2023). Physiological responses of Pocillopora corals to upwelling events in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1212717. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1212717
Cruz de Oliveira, L.M., Lim, A., Conti, L.A., & Wheeler, A.J. (2022). High-resolution 3D mapping of cold-water coral reefs using machine learning. Frontiers in Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1044706
Barnes, D. J., & Chalker, B. E. (1990). Calcification and photosynthesis in reef-building corals and algae. In Z. Dubinsky (Ed.), *Coral Reefs* (pp. 109–131). Elsevier.
Barrera-Falcon, E., Rioja-Nieto, R., Hernández-Landa, R. C., & Torres-Irineo, E. (2021). Comparison of Standard Caribbean Coral Reef Monitoring Protocols and Underwater Digital Photogrammetry to Characterize Hard Coral Species Composition, Abundance and Cover. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.722569
Bayley, D. T. I., & Mogg, A. O. M. (2020). A protocol for the large-scale analysis of reefs using Structure from Motion photogrammetry. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 11(11), 1410–1420. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13476
Bo, M., Lavorato, A., Di Camillo, C. G., Poliseno, A., Baquero, A., Bavestrello, G., Irei, Y., & Reimer, J. D. (2012). Black coral assemblages from Machalilla National Park (Ecuador). Pacific Science, 66(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.2984/66.1.4
Burgos, L., & Gamboa, M. C. (2002). Condiciones físico-químicas en el entorno de la Isla de La Plata (agosto/2001). Acta Oceanográfica del Pacífico, 11(1), 43–52.
Burns, J. H. R., Delparte, D., Gates, R. D., & Takabayashi, M. (2015). Integrating structure-from-motion photogrammetry with geospatial software as a novel technique for quantifying 3D ecological characteristics of coral reefs. PeerJ, 2015(7). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1077
Burns, J.H.R., Weyenberg, G., Mandel, T., et al. (2020). A comparison of diagnostic accuracy of in-situ and digital image-based assessments of coral health and disease. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00304
Burns, R. C., Andrew, R. G., Schwarzmann, D., Allen, M. E., & Cardozo Moreira, J. (2024). Heat Stress Impacts on Coral Reef Ecosystems and Communities: An Evaluation of Visitor Perceptions, Behaviors and Substitution Effects in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, USA. Coasts, 4(3), 609–618. https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts4030031
Burdett, H. L., Albright, R., Foster, G. L., Mass, T., Page, T. M., & Rinkevich, B. (2024). Including environmental and climatic considerations for sustainable coral reef restoration. PLOS Biology, 22(3), e3002542. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002542
Carlot, J., Rovère, A., Casella, E., Harris, D., Grellet-Muñoz, C., Chancerelle, Y., Dormy, E., Hedouin, L., & Parravicini, V. (2020). Community composition
predicts photogrammetry-based structural complexity on coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 39(4), 967–975. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01916-8
Carpio Camargo, A. J., Álvarez Gutiérrez, Y., Jaramillo Véliz, J., & Sánchez Tortosa, F. (2020). Nesting failure of sea turtles in Ecuador - causes of the loss of sea turtle nests: the role of the tide. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 24(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-020-00775-3
Casella, E., Collin, A., Harris, D., Ferse, S., Bejarano, S., Parravicini, V., Hench, J. L., & Rovere, A. (2017). Mapping coral reefs using consumer-grade drones and structure from motion photogrammetry techniques. Coral Reefs, 36(1), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1522-0
Cavada-Blanco, F., Cróquer, A., Yerena, E., & Rodríguez, J. P. (2021). Flow of economic benefits from coral reefs in a multi-use Caribbean marine protected area using network theory. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 671024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.671024
Chiarello, M., Auguet, J. C., Graham, N. A. J., Claverie, T., Sucré, E., Bouvier, C., Rieuvilleneuve, F., Restrepo-Ortiz, C. X., Bettarel, Y., Villéger, S., & Bouvier, T. (2020). Exceptional but vulnerable microbial diversity in coral reef animal surface microbiomes: Coral reef surface microbiome. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 287(1927). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0642
Cortesi, F., Mitchell, L. J., Tettamanti, V., Fogg, L. G., de Busserolles, F., Cheney, K. L., & Marshall, N. J. (2020). Visual system diversity in coral reef fishes. In Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology (Vol. 106, pp. 31–42). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.007
Combosch, D. J., & Vollmer, S. V. (2011). Population genetics of an ecosystem-defining reef coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Tropical Eastern Pacific. PLoS One, 6(8), e21200. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021200
Couch, C. S., Oliver, T. A., Suka, R., Lamirand, M., Asbury, M., Amir, C., Vargas-Ángel, B., Winston, M., Huntington, B., Lichowski, F., Halperin, A., Gray, A. E., Garriques, J., & Samson, J. (2021). Comparing coral colony surveys from in-water observations and structure-from-motion imagery shows low methodological bias. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 647943. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.647943
Cresswell, A.K., Orr, M., Renton, M., et al. (2020). Structure-from-motion reveals coral growth is influenced by colony size and wave energy on the reef slope at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2020.151438
Eason, T., & Garmestani, A. (2024). Assessing spatiotemporal change in coral reef social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 29(2), 21. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-15116-290221
Engelen, A., Serrão, E., Mascarenhas, G., & Freitas, R. (2022). Digital observations through Structure from Motion photogrammetry reveal impact from sediment load on local corals in Mindelo, Cabo Verde. Mestrado em Biologia Marinha.
Fabricius, K. E., Cooley, S. R., Golbuu, Y., Riginos, C., Gonzalez-Rivero, M., Heron, S. F., & Schaffelke, B. (2024). Research priorities to support coral reefs during rapid climate change. PLOS Climate, 3(7), e0000435. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000435
Ferreira, B., Coxey, M. S., Carolina, A., & Monteiro, G. (2018). Manual de Monitoramento Reef Check Brasil PELD-TAMS View project DIAGNÓSTICO DA SAÚDE AMBIENTAL DE ECOSSISTEMAS RECIFAIS DA COSTA BRASILEIRA COM A UTILIZAÇÃO DE FORAMINÍFEROS BENTÔNICOS View project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332706073
Flachier, A. , S. J. , P. D. , J. L. E. E. y EcoCiencia. (1998). EVALUACIÓN DEL ÁREA MARINA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL PARTE I DIAGNÓSTICO ECOLÓGICO Y SOCIOECONÓMICO DEL ÁREA MARINO-COSTERA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL MACHALILLA Septiembre 1997 Quito-Ecuador. https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/642/documents/EC503mgt.pdf
Fonseca, A. C. (2011). Efectos del cambio climático en la anidación de las tortugas marinas. Revista de Ciencias Ambientales, 41(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.15359/rca.41-1.2
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., Limpus, C. J., & Hamann, M. (2011). Vulnerability of sea turtle nesting grounds to climate change. Global Change Biology, 17(1), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02192.x
Fuentes, M. M. P. B., & Porter, W. P. (2013). Using a microclimate model to evaluate impacts of climate change on sea turtles. Ecological Modelling, 251, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.12.020
GCRMN (Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network). (2020). Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2020. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). https://gcrmn.net/2020-report/
Glynn, P. W., & Wellington, G. M. (1983). Corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands. University of California Press.
Glynn, P. W. (1992). Sporadic Disturbances in Fluctuating Coral Reef Environments: El Niño and Coral Reef Development in the Eastern Pacific 1 (Vol. 32). https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/32/6/707/95991
Glynn, P., Mate, J., & Calderón, M. (2001). Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño–Southern Oscillation event: Spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69, 79–109.Glynn, P. W. (2017). History of Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Research (pp. 1–37). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_1
Glynn, P. W., Manzello, D. P., & Enochs, I. C. (2017). Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Persistence and Loss in a Dynamic Environment. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4
Glynn, P. W., Feingold, J. S., Baker, A., Banks, S., Baums, I. B., Cole, J., Colgan, M. W., Fong, P., Glynn, P. J., Keith, I., Manzello, D., Riegl, B., Ruttenberg, B. I., Smith, T. B., & Vera-Zambrano, M. (2018). State of corals and coral reefs of the Galápagos Islands (Ecuador): Past, present and future. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 717–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.06.002
González-Rivero, M., Beijbom, O., Rodriguez-Ramirez, A., Bryant, D. E. P., Ganase, A., Gonzalez-Marrero, Y., Herrera-Reveles, A., Kennedy, E. V., Kim, C. J. S., Lopez-Marcano, S., Markey, K., Neal, B. P., Osborne, K., Reyes-Nivia, C., Sampayo, E. M., Stolberg, K., Taylor, A., Vercelloni, J., Wyatt, M., & Hoegh-Guldberg, O. (2020). Monitoring of coral reefs using artificial intelligence: A feasible and cost-effective approach. Remote Sensing, 12(3), 489. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12030489
Haines, A., & Patz, J. A. (2004). Health Effects of Climate Change. In JAMA (Vol. 291, Issue 1, pp. 99–103). American Medical Association. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.1.99
Hamilton, R. J., Lozano-Cortés, D., Bode, M., Almany, G. R., Harrison, H. B., Pita, J., Saenz-Agudelo, P., Gereniu, C., Waldie, P. A., Peterson, N., Choat, J. H., & Berumen, M. L. (2021). Larval dispersal and fishing pressure influence recruitment in a coral reef fishery. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(12), 2924–2935. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14027
Hatcher, H.M., Pearson, S.F., Chute, A.S., et al. (2020). Accurate Bathymetric Maps From Underwater Digital Imagery Without Ground Control. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.00561
Hernández-Landa, R. C., Barrera-Falcon, E., & Rioja-Nieto, R. (2020). Size-frequency distribution of coral assemblages in insular shallow reefs of the Mexican Caribbean using underwater photogrammetry. PeerJ, 2020(4). https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8957
Hilmi, N., Basu, R., Crisóstomo, M., Lebleu, L., Claudet, J., & Seveso, D. (2023). The ressures and opportunities for coral reef preservation and restoration in the Maldives. Frontiers in Environmental Economics, 2, 1110214. https://doi.org/10.3389/frevc.2023.1110214
Hickman, C. P., Jr. (2008). A field guide to corals and other radiates of Galápagos. Sugar Spring Press.
Hodgson, Gregor., & Reef Check Foundation. (2006a). Reef Check instruction manual : a guide to Reef Check coral reef monitoring. Reef Check Foundation.
Hodgson, Gregor., & Reef Check Foundation. (2006b). Reef Check instruction manual : a guide to Reef Check coral reef monitoring. Reef Check Foundation.
IPCC. (2019). Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/
Kohler, K. E., & Gill, S. M. (2006). Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe): A Visual Basic program for the determination of coral and substrate coverage using random point count methodology. Computers and Geosciences, 32(9), 1259–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2005.11.009
Kornder, N. A., Cappelletto, • Jose, Mueller, B., Zalm, M. J. L., Martinez, S. J., Mark, •, Vermeij, J. A., Huisman, J., & De Goeij, J. M. (2021). Implications of 2D versus 3D surveys to measure the abundance and composition of benthic coral reef communities. Coral Reefs, 40, 1137–1153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338
LaJeunesse, T. C., Parkinson, J. E., & Reimer, J. D. (2018). A genetics-based description of Symbiodiniaceae gen. nov. and its implications for the systematics of Symbiodinium-like dinoflagellates. *Journal of Phycology*, 54(1), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.12592
Lange, I.D., Molina-Hernández, A., Medellín-Maldonado, F., et al. (2022). Structure-from-motion photogrammetry demonstrates variability in coral growth within colonies and across habitats. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277546
Lang, J., Marks, K., Kramer, P., & Kramer, P. R. (2010). Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) protocol version 5.4. https://agrra.org/
Li, J., Knapp, D. E., Schill, S. R., Roelfsema, C., Phinn, S., Silman, M., Mascaro, J., & Asner, G. P. (2019). Adaptive bathymetry estimation for shallow coastal waters using Planet Dove satellites. Remote Sensing of Environment, 232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111302
Lyons, M. B., Murray, N. J., Kennedy, E. V., Kovacs, E. M., Castro-Sanguino, C., Phinn, S. R., Borrego Acevedo, R., Ordoñez Álvarez, A., Say, C., Tudman, P., Markey, K., Roe, M., Canto, R. F., Fox, H. E., Bambic, B., Lieb, Z., Asner, G. P., Martin, P. M., Knapp, D. E., … Roelfsema, C. M. (2024). New global area estimates for coral reefs from high-resolution mapping. Cell Reports Sustainability, 1, Article 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100015
Mat Zaki, N.H., & Hossain, M.S. (2024). Optimum Image Alignment Setting Selection for Structure-from-Motion Photogrammetry Using RPAS to Support Coral Habitat Classification. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2024.101233
Million, W.C., O’Donnell, S., Bartels, E., & Kenkel, C.D. (2021). Colony-Level 3D Photogrammetry Reveals That Total Linear Extension and Initial Growth Do Not Scale With Complex Morphological Growth in Acropora cervicornis. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.646475
Miller, S.J., Caruso, C.C., Drury, C., & Fischer, E.M. (2024). Validating the Precision and Accuracy of Coral Fragment Photogrammetry. Remote Sensing. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16224274
Muscatine, L. (1990). The role of symbiotic algae in carbon and energy flux in reef corals. In Z. Dubinsky (Ed.), *Coral Reefs* (pp. 75–87). Elsevier.
Najeeb, S., Khan, R. A. A., Deng, X., & Wu, C. (2025). Drivers and consequences of degradation in tropical reef island ecosystems: Strategies for restoration and conservation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1518701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1518701
NOAA. (2018). National Coral Reef Monitoring Program (NCRMP) Standard Operating Procedures for Field Surveys. U.S. Department of Commerce. https://www.coris.noaa.gov/monitoring/
Permana, M. H. R., Subhan, B., Arafat, D., Sulistiono, & Yulianda, F. (2022). Coral reef health and the distribution of soft coral abundance in Banten Bay. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1119(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012034
Price, D. M., Robert, K., Callaway, A., Lo lacono, C., Hall, R. A., & Huvenne, V. A. I. (2019). Using 3D photogrammetry from ROV video to quantify cold-water coral reef structural complexity and investigate its influence on biodiversity andcommunity assemblage. Coral Reefs, 38(5), 1007–1021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01827-3
Pierce, J., Butler, M.J., Rzhanov, Y., et al. (2021). Classifying 3-D Models of Coral Reefs Using Structure-From-Motion and Multi-View Semantic Segmentation. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.706674
Pulido Mantas, T., Pérez-Castañeda, R., Micheli, F., et al. (2023). Photogrammetry as a promising tool to unveil marine caves' benthic assemblages. *Scientific Reports*. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-34706-7
Rende, S.F., Bosman, A., Menna, F., et al. (2022). Assessing Seagrass Restoration Actions through a Micro-Bathymetry Survey Approach (Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Water. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14081285
Rivera, F., & Martínez, P. (2021, septiembre). Caracterización de los principales sitios de buceo en las Reservas Marinas Bajo Copé y Cantagallo Machalilla e identificación de especies emblemáticas [Informe técnico]. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ).
Rivera, F., & Martínez, P. (2021). Línea base de especies y su distribución en las reservas marinas Bajo Copé y Cantagallo-Machalilla y base fotográfica de las principales especies presentes en los sitios evaluados. Instituto Nazca de Investigaciones Marinas / GIZ.
Rossi, P., Castagnetti, C., Capra, A., Brooks, A. J., & Mancini, F. (2020). Detecting change in coral reef 3D structure using underwater photogrammetry: critical issues and performance metrics. Applied Geomatics, 12, 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12518-019-00263-w
Russo, F., Del Pizzo, S., Di Ciaccio, F., & Troisi, S. (2023). An Enhanced Photogrammetric Approach for the Underwater Surveying of the Posidonia Meadow Structure in the Spiaggia Nera Area of Maratea. *Journal of Imaging*. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging9060113
Shuman C, S. A. D. M. L. C. (2010). MANUAL DE INSTRUCCIÓN REEF CHECK CALIFORNIA Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Buzos y Pescadores de Isla Natividad. www.reefcheck.org/rcca/rcca_home.phpwww.islandpacific.com.mx
Storlazzi, C. D., Dartnell, P., Hatcher, G. A., & Gibbs, A. E. (2016). End of the chain? Rugosity and fine-scale bathymetry from existing underwater digital imagery using structure-from-motion (SfM) technology. Coral Reefs, 35(3), 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-016-1462-8
Suchley, A., & Alvarez-Filip, L. (2018). Local human activities limit marine protection efficacy on Caribbean coral reefs. In Conservation Letters (Vol. 11, Issue 5). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12571
Steiner, S. C. C., Martínez, P., Rivera, F., Johnston, M., & Riegl, B. M. (2020). Octocoral populations and connectivity in continental Ecuador and Galápagos, Eastern Pacific. Advances in Marine Biology, 87, 411–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.amb.2020.07.002
Urbina-Barreto, I., Garnier, R., Elise, S., Pinel, R., Dumas, P., Mahamadaly, V., Facon, M., Bureau, S., Peignon, C., Quod, J. P., Dutrieux, E., Penin, L., & Adjeroud, M. (2021). Which method for which purpose? A comparison of line intercept transect and underwater photogrammetry methods for coral reef surveys. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 636902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.636902
Urbina-Barreto, I., Elise, S., Guilhaumon, F., Bruggemann, J. H., Pinel, R., Kulbicki, M., Vigliola, L., Mou-Tham, G., Mahamadaly, V., Facon, M., Bureau, S., Peignon, C., Dutrieux, E., Garnier, R., Penin, L., & Adjeroud, M. (2022). Underwater photogrammetry reveals new links between coral reefscape traits and fishes that ensure key functions. Ecosphere, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3934
Ventura, D., Boschetti, F., Erra, F., et al. (2022). Seagrass restoration monitoring and shallow-water benthic habitat mapping through a photogrammetry-based protocol. Journal of Environmental Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114262
Veron, J. E. N. (2000). *Corals of the world* (Vols. 1–3). Australian Institute of Marine Science.
Wallmo, K., & Allen, M. E. (2024). Economic values for coral reef conservation and restoration in Florida. Environments, 11(11), 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11110261
Wijesinghe, N.P., Rousseaux, C.S., Deren, M., et al. (2023). The accuracy of 3D structure-from-motion models for assessing underwater coral health. Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology. https://doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2023.12.00382
Zhong, J., Li, M., Zhang, H., & Qin, J. (2023). Fine-Grained 3D Modeling and Semantic Mapping of Coral Reefs Using Photogrammetric Computer Vision and Machine Learning †. Sensors, 23(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156753
