Efeitos da suplementação de spirulina (arthrospira SP.) Sobre a pressão arterial de indivíduos adultos e idosos: uma revisão sistemática / Effects of spirulina (arthrospira SP.) Supplementation on the arterialblood pressure of adults and elderly individuals: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n4-052Keywords:
Spirulina, Arthrospira, hipertensão, pressão arterial, revisão sistemática.Abstract
Introdução: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) acomete mais de 1 bilhão de pessoas no mundo e é considerada um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares. Com isso, a busca por estratégias não-farmacológicas tem crescido na comunidade acadêmica, com destaque para alguns alimentos capazes de reverter ou minimizar o desdobramento desse quadro. Neste contexto, a Spirulina tem mostrado grande potencial terapêutico e nutricional, incluindo atividades antibacterianas, antidiabéticas e anti-hipertensivas. Objetivo:Analisar estudos que correlacionaram a suplementação de Spirulina com a redução da pressão arterial (PA), a fim de auxiliar a tomada de decisões em questões terapêuticas associadas à HAS. Metodologia: Na busca inicial foram encontrados 762 artigos, mas apenas 36 atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade iniciais pré-estabelecidos e tiveram seus textos completos lidos, assim sete artigos foram incluídos no trabalho. As informações extraídas dos artigos foram: dose de Spirulina administrada, duração da intervenção, número de participantes, média de idade dos indivíduos, PA sistólica e diastólica médias, efeitos observados, valor de p, etc. Todos os artigos selecionados foram realizados em humanos. Resultados: Dos estudos, 57% obtiveram desfechos favoráveis e 42%, desfechos indiferentes. Em todos os estudos foi possível observar redução dos valores de PA. Especula-se que o possível mecanismo através do qual a Spirulina atue, seja via inibição de enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA), responsável pela conversão de angiotensina I em angiotensina II, que atua na vasoconstrição, desencadeando HAS. Conclusão: Pôde-se concluir que a suplementação de Spirulina é benéfica para a saúde cardiovascular, através dos seus efeitos anti-hipertensivos.
References
- Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults (2014) Report from the Panel Members Appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1791497 (acessado em julho de 2019).
- World Health Organization (2019) Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (acessado em julho de 2019).
- Arbe G, Irene P & Franco J (2018) Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the hypertensive crisis. Med Clin (Barc)150, 317-322.
- Aleixandre A & Miguel M (2016) Dietary fiber blood pressure control. Food Funct.7, 1864-1871.
- Bhat ZF, Kumar S & Bhat HF (2017) Antihypertensive peptides of animal origin: a review. Crit Ver Food Sci Nutr. 11, 566-578.
- Ciferri O (1983) Spirulina, the edible microorganism. Microbiol Rev. 47, 551-578.
- Vonshak A (editor) (2002) Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) Physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. Israel: Taylor&Francis.
- Whittoon BA (editor) (2012) Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time. Durham: Springer.
- Toku?oglu Ö &üUnal MK (2003) Biomass Nutrient Profiles of Three Microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisisgalbana. J Food Sci 68, 1144-1148.
- Becker EW (1995) Microalgae Biotechnology and microbiology. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
-Estrada JE, Bermejo P &Ferno A (2001) Antioxidant activity of different fractions of Spirulina platensis protean extract. Farmaco 56, 497-500.
- Martelli A (2010) Síntese e metabolismo da bilirrubina e fisiopatologia da hiperbilirrubinemia associados à Síndrome de Gilbert: revisão de literatura. Rev Med Minas Gerais 22, 216-220.
- Khan Z, Bhadouria P &Bisen PS (2005) Nutritional and therapeutic potential of Spirulina. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 6, 373-379.
- Jensen G, Ginsberg D & Drapeau C (2001) Blue-Green Algae as na Immuno-Enhancer and Biomodulator. Winter 3, 24-30.
- Joventino I, Alves H, Neves L et al. (2012) The Microalga Spirulina platensis Presents Anti-inflammatory Action as well as Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Properties in Diabetis Rats. J ComplIntegr Med. 9, 1553-3840.
- Finamore A, Palmery M, Bensehaila S et al. (2017) Antioxidant, Immunomodulating and Microbial-Modulationg Activities os the Sustainable and Ecofriendly Spirulina. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017, 14 pages.
- Hernández MA, Wal-Medrano A, Juárez-Oropeza MA et al. (2015) Spirulina and its hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in humans: a systematic review. Nutr Hosp. 32, 494-500.
- Hoseini SM, Khosravi-Darani K &Mozafari MR (2013) Nutritional and Medical Applications os Spirulina Microalgae. Med Chem13, 1231-1237.
- Parikh P, Mani U &Iyer U (2004) Role of Spirulina in the Control of Glycemia and Lipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Med Food 4, 193-199.
- Miczke A, Szuli?ska M, Hansdorfer-Korzon R et al. (2016) Effects of Spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endotelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur Ver Med Pharmacol Sci. 20, 150-156.
- Ichimura M, Kato S, Tsuneyama K et al. (2013) Phycocyanin prevents hypertension and low sérum adiponectin level in a rat modelo f metabolic syndrome. Nutr Res33, 397-405.
- Heo S, Ko S, Junk W et al. (2017) A heptameric peptide purified from Spirulina sp. Gastrointestinal hydrolysate inhibits andiotensin I converting enzime and angiotensin II induced vascular dysfunction in human endotelial cells. Int J Mol Med 39, 1072-1082.
- Chukwunonso E, Collins S, Balasuriya N et al. (2017) Prospects of microalgae proteins in producing peptide-based functional foods for promoting cardiovascular health. Trends Food Sci Technol, 59, 30-36.
-Zhang B, Tanaka H, Shono N et al. (2003) The I allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene is associated with na increased percentage of slow-twitch type I fibers in human skeletal muscle. ClinGenet. 63, 139-144.
- Torres-Duran P, Ferreira-Hermosillo A & Juarez-Oropeza M (2007) Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in na open sample of mexican population: a preliminary report. Lipids Health Dis. 6, 33.
- Martínez-Sámano J, Oca A, Juárez-Opereza M et al. (2018) Spirulina maxima decreases endotelial damage and oxidative stress indicators in patients with systemic arterial hypertension: results from exploratory controlled clinical trial. Mar Drugs. 16, 496.
- Lee E, Park J, Kim W et al. (2008) A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patientes. Nutr Res Pract.2, 295-300.
- Jensen G, Drapeau C, Benson K et al. (2016) Clinical safety of a high dose of phycocianin-enriched aqueous extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina platensis): Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a focus on anticoagulante activity and platelet activation. J Med Food. 19, 645-653.
- Park H, Lee Y, Ryu H et al. (2008) A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans. Ann NutrMetab.52, 322-328).
- Mazokopakis E, Starakis I, Papadomanolaki M et al. (2014) The hypolipidaemic effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation in a Creatan population: a prospective study. J Sci Food Agric. 94, 432-437.
- Lu J, Ren D, Xue Y et al. (2010) Isolation of an antihypertensive peptide from alcalase digest of Spirulina platensis. J Agric Food Chem.58, 7166-7171.
- Pan H, She X, Wu H et al. (2015) Long-term regulation of the local renin-angiotensin system in the myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats by feeding bioactive peptides derived from Spirulina platensis. J Agric Food Chem. 63, 7765-7774.
- Zheng J, Wang J, Pan H et al. (2017) Effects of IQP, VEP and Spirulina platensis hydrolysates on the local kidney renin angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Mol Med Rep. 16, 8485-8492.
- Lu J, Sawano Y, Miyakawa T et al. (2011) One-week antihypertensive effects of Ile-Gln-Pro spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 59, 559-563.
- Castro-García S, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Quevedo-Corona L et al. (2018) Beneficial effects of phycobiliproteins from Spirulina maxima in a preeclampsia model. Life sci. 211, 17-24.
