Anestesia com propofol em gatos – características, emprego e aplicações: revisão de literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv11n8-048Keywords:
indução, manutenção anestésica, metabolização, sedação, alquilfenolAbstract
O propofol é um fármaco utilizado em gatos para sedação e anestesia. Ele é rapidamente distribuído no sistema nervoso central, e leva ao aumento da atividade do neurotransmissor GABA, induzindo a anestesia, e depois é redistribuído para outros tecidos. Metabolizado, principalmente, no fígado e também ocorre no tecido pulmonar e excretado pelos rins. No entanto, pode causar efeitos adversos como apneia, depressão cardiovascular e supressão da ventilação, assim como edema facial, desconforto, perda de apetite e diarreia em alguns casos, devido aos gato possuirem menor capacidade de metaboliza-lo por conjugação, o que resulta em recuperação mais lenta da anestesia.Além disso, é necessário ter precaução ao usá-lo em animais hipovolêmicos ou idosos. O propofol é uma opção comumente utilizada para anestesia em gatos, mas requer cuidados especiais devido aos seus efeitos adversos e às particularidades do metabolismo felino. A dosagem e o monitoramento adequados são essenciais para garantir uma anestesia segura e eficaz. O objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer conhecimento e informações relevantes sobre o uso desse fármaco na medicina veterinária, especialmente, em relação aos gatos, visando auxiliar profissionais da área na prática clínica e cirúrgica.
References
ADAM, H. K.; GLEN, J. B.; HOYLE, P. A. Pharmacokinetics in laboratory animals of ICI 35 868, a new i.v. anaesthetic agent. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.52, n.8, p. 743-746, 1980.
ANDRESS, J. L.; DAY, T. K.; DAY, D. G. The effects of consecutive day propofol anesthesia on feline red blood cells. Veterinary Surgery, v.24, n.3, p. 277-282, 1995.
APFEL, C. C. et al. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The New England Journal of Medicine, v.350, n.24, p. 2441-2451, 2004.
ARTRU, A. A.; SHAPIRA, Y.; BOWDLE, T. A. Electroencephalogram, cerebral metabolic, and vascular responses to propofol anesthesia in dogs. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, v. 4, n.2, p. 99-109, 1992.
BAETGE, C. L.; SMITH, L. C.; AZEVEDO, C. P. Clinical Heinz Body Anemia in a Cat After Repeat Propofol Administration Case Report. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, v.7, p. 591556, 2020.
BALDUCCI, F. et al. Neurogenic urinary retention in cats following severe cluster seizures. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v. 19, n. 2, p. 246-250, fev. 2017.
BAUQUIER, S. H. et al. Influência de duas taxas de administração de propofol na indução da anestesia em sua potência relativa em gatos: um estudo piloto. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v. 19, n. 12, p. 1297-1301, 2017.
BERRY, S. Anestésicos Injetáveis. In: GRIMM, K. A. et al. (Eds). Lumb & Jones Anestesiologia e Analgesia em Veterinária, 5 ed, Rio de Janeiro: Roca. p. 829-891, 2017.
BLOUIN, R. T. et al. Propofol depresses the hypoxic ventilatory response during conscious sedation and isohypercapnia. Anesthesiology, v.79, n.6, p. 1177-1182, 1993.
BORGEAT, A., DESSIBOURG, C., POPOVIC, V., MEIER, D., BLANCHARD, M., SCHWANDER, D. Propofol and Spontaneous Movements. Anesthesiology, 74, n.1, p.24–27, 1991.
BREARLEY, J. C.; KELLAGHER, R. E. B.; HALL, L. W. Propofol anaesthesia in cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.29, p. 315-322, 1988.
CAPEL, I. D.; MILLBURN, P.; WILLIAMS, R. T. The conjugation of land 2-napthols and other phenols in the cat and pig. Xenobiotica, v. 4, p. 601-615, 1974.
CARDOZO, L. B. Sedação e anestesia. In: COSTA, F. V. A.; MARTINS, C. S. Manual de Clínica Médica Felina. Santana de Parnaíba: Manole, p. 147. 2023.
CASTRO, J. L. C. Jejum pré-anestésico em gatos adultos jovens (Felis silvestris catus). Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014.
CATTAI, A. et al. Evaluation and optimisation of propofol pharmacokinetic parameters in cats for target-controlled infusion. Veterinary Record, v. 178, n. 20, p. 503, 2016.
CLEALE, R. M. et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of propofol administered to cats in a novel, aqueous, nano-droplet formulation or as an oil-in-water macroemulsion. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.32, n.5, p. 436-445, 2009.
COSTA, G. P. et al. Sedative effects of acepromazine in combination with nalbuphine or butorphanol, intramuscularly or intravenously, in healthy cats: a randomized, blinded clinical trial. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v. 23, n. 6, p. 540-548, 2021.
COURT, M. H.; GREENBLATT, D. J. Molecular basis for deficient acetaminophen glucuronidation in cats. Biochemical Pharmacology, v.53, n.7, p. 1041-1047, 1997.
CHRISTOPHER, M.M. Relation of endogenous Heinz bodies to disease and anemia in cats: 120 cases (1978-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc. v.194, n.8, 1989 Apr 15, p.1089-95, 1989. PMID: 2708116.
DORIGON, O. et al. Dexmedetomidina epidural em gatas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia sob anestesia total intravenosa com propofol e pré-medicadas com cetamina S(+) e midazolam. Ciência Rural, v.39, n. 3, p. 791–797, maio 2009.
DUKE, T. A new intravenous anesthetic agent: Propofol. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.36, n.3, p. 181-183, 1995.
FANTONI, D. T.; CORTOPASSI, S. R. G.; BERNADI, M. M. Anestésicos intravenosos e outros parenterais. In: SPINOSA, H. S.; GÓRNIAK, S. L.; BERNARDI, M. M. (Eds). Farmacologia aplicada à medicina veterinária. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, p. 104-114, 1996
FERREIRA, J. C. A. Uso do propofol em infusão contínua em gatos domésticos (Felis catus domesticus): avaliação dos perfis hepático e clínico. 40f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária, Patologia e Ciências Clínicas) - Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2011.
FERREIRA, Priscila Soares et al.. Mioclonia em cão submetido a anestesia total intravenosa com propofol – Relato de caso.. In: ANAIS SAMVET 2020. ANAIS...SEROPÉDICA(RJ) UFRRJ, 2020. disponível em: https//www.even3.com.br/anais/samvet2020/314249-mioclonia-em-cao-submetido-a-anestesia-total-intravenosa-com-propofol--relato-de-caso. acesso em: 12/08/2025
FLETCHER, D. J. General Approach and Overview of the Neurologic Cat. In: BYERS, C. G.; GIUNTI, M. Feline Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 313-330, 2010.
GLEN, J. B. Animal studies of the anaesthetic activity of ICI 35 868. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.52, p. 731, 1980.
GLEN, J. B. Try, try, and try again: personal reflections on the development of propofol. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v. 123, n. 1, p. 3-9, 2019.
GLOWASKI, M. M.; WETMORE, L. A. Propofol: application in veterinary sedation and anesthesia. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, v.14, p. 1, 1999.
GOODCHILD, C. S.; SERRAO, J. M. Cardiovascular effects of propofol in the anaesthetized dog. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.63, n.1, p. 87-92, 1989.
GOODMAN, N. W.; BLACK, A. M.; CARTER, J. A. Some ventilatory effects of propofol as sole anaesthetic agent. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.59, n.12, p. 1497-1503, 1987.
HARTIALA, K. J. Studies on detoxication mechanisms. III. Glucuronide synthesis of various organs with special reference to the detoxifying capacity of the mucous membranes of the alimentary canal. Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologiae Fenniae, v.33, p. 239-245, 1955.
HASHIM, M. A.; WATERMAN, A. E. Effects of thiopentone, propofol, alphaxalone-alphadolone, ketamine and xylazineketamine on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure and barrier pressure in cats. Veterinary Record, v.129, p. 137, 1991.
HAY-KRAUS, B. L. et al. Evidence for propofol hydroxylation by cytochrome P4502B11 in canine liver microsomes: breed and gender differences. Xenobiotica, v.30, n.6, p. 575-588, 2000.
HELDMANN, E.; BROWN, D. C.; SHOFER, F. The association of propofol usage with postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Veterinary Surgery, v.28, p. 256, 1999.
JALALI, M. R. et al. The Effects of Propofol Anesthesia on Lipid Profile and Some Biochemical Indices in Cats. Topics in companion animal medicine, v.41, p. 100451, 2020.
KUSHNER, L. I. Anesthetic Protocols for Systemically Healthy Cats. In: BYERS, C. G.; GIUNTI, M. Feline Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 53-61, 2010a.
KUSHNER, L. I. Pain management in critically ill feline patients. In: BYERS, C. G.; GIUNTI, M. Feline Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 45-52, 2010b.
MATA, L. B. S. C. et al. Anestesia por infusão contínua de propofol associado ao remifentanil em gatos pré-tratados com acepromazina. Revista Ceres, v.57, n.2, p. 198-204, mar. 2010.
MATHIS, A. et al. Comparison of quality of recovery from anesthesia in cats induced with propofol or alfaxalone. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v.39, n.3, p. 282-290, 2012.
MATOT, I. et al. Pulmonary uptake of propofol in cats. Effect of fentanyl and halothane. Anesthesiology, v.78, n.6, p. 1157-1165, 1993.
MCINTOSH, M. P.; RAJEWSKI, R. A. Comparative canine pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics of fospropofol disodium injection, propofol emulsion, and cyclodextrin-enabled propofol solution following bolus parenteral administration. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, v.101, n.9, p. 3547-3552, 2012.
MILLER, J. J. et al. The metabolism and toxicity of phenols in cats. Biochemical Society Transactions, v.1, p. 1163-1165, 1973.
MORGAN, D. W.; LEGGE, K. Clinical evaluation of propofol as an intravenous anaesthetic agent in cats and dogs. Veterinary Record, v.124, p. 31, 1989.
MUIR, W. W.; GADAWSKI, J. E. Respiratory depression and apnea induced by propofol in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.59, n.2, p. 157-161, 1998.
NIMMAANRAT, S. Myoclonic movements following induction of anesthesia with propofol: a case report. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, v.88, n.12, p. 1955-1957, 2005.
OLIVEIRA, R. L. et al. Effect of administration rate on propofol requirement in cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v. 20, n. 2, p. 91-94, fev. 2018.
PAGEL, P. S. et al. Cardiovascular effects of propofol in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy. Anesthesiology, v.88, n.1, p. 180-189, 1998.
PASCOE, P. J.; ILKIW, J. E.; FRISCHMEYER, K. J. The effect of the duration of propofol administration on recovery from anesthesia in cats. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v.33, n.1, p. 2-7, 2006.
PORTELLA, L. V. et al. Efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios da indução anestésica com propofol em felinos pré-medicados com xilazina/cetamina. Ciência Rural, v.26, p. 223-227, 1996.
POSNER, L. P.; ASAKAWA, M.; ERB, H. N. Use of propofol for anesthesia in cats with primary hepatic lipidosis: 44 cases (1995-2004). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.232, n.12, p. 1841-1843, 2008.
PYPENDOP, B. H.; ILKIW, J. E. Anestesia e cuidados pericirúrgicos. In: LITTLE, S. E. O gato: medicina interna. Rio de Janeiro: Roca, p. 106-141, 2016.
ROBERTSON, S. A. et al. AAFP Feline Anesthesia Guidelines. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.20, p. 602-634, 2018.
ROBINSON, R.; BORER-WEIR, K. The effects of diazepam or midazolam on the dose of propofol required to induce anaesthesia in cats. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v. 42, n. 5, p. 493-501, set. 2015.
RODRIGUES, B. E. et al. Intraocular pressure and pupil diameter in healthy cats anesthetized with isoflurane and pre-medicated with isolated acepromazine or in combination with tramadol. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 73, n. 3, p. 631–638, maio 2021.
SANCHES, M. C. et al. Cardiopulmonary and propofol-sparing effects of dexmedetomidine in total intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.24, p. 490-497, 2022.
SAVIDES, M. C. et al. The toxicity and biotransformation of single doses of acetaminophen in dogs and cats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, v. 74, p. 26-34, 1984.
SELMI, A. L. et al. Infusão contínua de propofol em gatos pré-medicados com cetamina-midazolam. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.57, n.3, p. 295–299, jun. 2005.
SHILO-BENJAMINI, Y. et al. Effect of anesthetic induction with propofol, alfaxalone or ketamine on intraocular pressure in cats: a randomized masked clinical investigation. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v. 50, n. 1, p. 63-71, 2023.
SHIMIZU, Y.; KANDA, T. Effects of Pre-Anesthesia Anxiety on Propofol Induction Dose in Cats. Animals, v.11, n.11, p. 2126, 2021.
SHORT, C. E.; BUFALARI, A. Propofol anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.29, p. 747, 1999.
SOSIS, M. B.; BRAVERMAN, B. Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in four intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesia & Analgesia, v.77, p. 766, 1993.
STEPHAN, H. et al. Effect of Disoprivan (propofol) on the circulation and oxygen consumption of the brain and CO2 reactivity of brain vessels in the human. Anaesthesist, v.36, p. 60, 1987.
STOKES, D.N., HUTTON, P. Rate-dependent induction phenomena with propofol: implications for the relative potency of intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesia & Analgesia, v.72, v.5, p. 578-583, 1991. doi: 10.1213/00000539-199105000-00002.
TAMURA, J.; OYAMA, N.; FUKUI, S.; YAMASHITA, K. Comparison of the anesthetic effects between 5 mg/kg of alfaxalone and 10 mg/kg of propofol administered intravenously in cats. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v. 83, n. 1, p. 73-77, 14 jan. 2021.
TAYLOR, M. B. et al. Ventilatory effects of propofol during induction of anaesthesia. Comparison with thiopentone. Anaesthesia, v.41, n.8, p. 816-820, 1986.
TAYLOR, P. M. et al. Evaluation of propofol containing 2% benzyl alcohol preservative in cats. Journal of feline medicine and surgery, v.14, n.8, p. 516-526, 2012.
TROW, A. V.; ROZANSKI, E.; LAFORCADE, A. Respiratory emergencies and pleural space disease. In: BYERS, C. G.; GIUNTI, M. Feline Emergency and Critical Care Medicine. Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 105-126, 2010.
VALADÃO, C. A. A. Anestesias Gerais Barbitúrica e Não-Barbitúrica. In: MASSONE, F. Anestesiologia Veterinária, Farmacologia e Técnicas. p. 62, 2011.
VEROLI, P. et al. Extrahepatic metabolism of propofol in man during the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.68, n.2, p. 183-186, 1992.
WATANABE, R. et al. The Effects of Sedation with Dexmedetomidine-Butorphanol and Anesthesia with Propofol-Isoflurane on Feline Grimace Scale© Scores. Animals, v.12, p. 2914, 2022.
WEAVER, B. M.; RAPTOPOULOS, D. Induction of anaesthesia in dogs and cats with propofol. Veterinary Record, v.126, p. 617, 1990.
WIESE, A. J. et al. Investigation of escalating and large bolus doses of a novel, nano-droplet, aqueous 1% propofol formulation in cats. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v.37, n. 3, p. 250-257, 2010.
YOZOVA, I. D. et al. A randomized cross-over trial assessing salivary and urinary cortisol concentrations after alfaxalone and propofol administration in healthy cats. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, v. 74, p. 106557, 2021.
VALDEZ, R. P. B. et al. Protocolo anestésico utilizado em nosectomia de felino com carcinoma de células escamosas: relato de caso: Anesthetic protocol used in feline nosectomy with squamous cell carcinoma: case report. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, [S. l.], v. 6, n. 2, p. 1662–1670, 2023. DOI: 10.34188/bjaerv6n2-057.
ZAVATARO, A. L., et al. Comparison of coinduction adjuvants to propofol in healthy cats sedated with dexmedetomidine. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, v. 48, p. 100634, 2022.
