The Kudmi (Kudumi), a totemic community of Jharkhand State and near about parts (India) – critical evaluation for inclusion in ST category
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv10n9-026Keywords:
Kudmi (Kudumi), totemic, neanderthal, primitive tribe, STAbstract
The Kudmi (Kudumi) a totemic primitive community (tribe) originated and evolved from the Neanderthal man (Homo Sapiens neanderthdemais) 2,30,000 years ago, like all other human beings, which is evidenced by the evolutionary theories based on fossil findings and population genetics. They are inhabiting in the state of Jharkhand and its near about, i.e. of West Bengal, Assam, Odisha and Chattisgarh states since time immemorial, who were classified as “Primitive tribes” by the British regime in India in 1865, alongwith other primitive tribes under the term of the Indian succession Act, as they have customary rules of sucession. Subsequently in 1913 and 1931 they were included in the list of tribes (Primitive Tribes). But unfortunately, they were omitted as from the ST category drawn up in 1950 for reasons that are unknown, although they are having traits of Primitive Tribes, e.g., they are totemic (alike all other primitive tribes of India and the world) i.e. their lineage related to plants, animals and other natural objects, shyness of contact with other communities at large, distinctive culture, geographically isolated, Backwardness (towards past, keeping back and slow is learning) and specific mother tongue-“Kudmali’.Under the above circumstances the Kudmis of the above noted geographical area be again reincluded in the ST category by the present authority concerned to bring them to the main stream of development of the country and to uplift their life style and social status at large.
References
ADIBASI Kudmi Samaj Central Committee. **Memorandum to the Hon’ble Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution Govt. of India**. New Delhi: Government of India, 2017. 144 p.
BHURIA, Dilip Singh. **Report of the Scheduled Areas, Scheduled Tribes Commission**. New Delhi: Government of India, 2002-2004. 3 v., 926 p.
CHATTOPADHYAY, Nara Narayan. **Namer Malai Manbhum**. 1986. p. 45.
DALTON, E. T. **Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal**. Calcutta: London, 1872.
FOURTH Report for the Year 2008-2009. **National Commission for Scheduled Tribes**. New Delhi: Government of India, 2009. 466 p.
INDIA. Government. Department of Social Security. **The Report of the Advisory Committee on the Revision of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes**. New Delhi: Government of India, 1965. 115 p.
GRIERSON, G. A. **On the Kurmis of Bihar, Chhatnagpur and Odisha**.
HINDUSTAN TIMES. **Origin of Caste System in India**. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
HOPKINS, E. Washburn. **The Background of Totemism**. *Journal of the American Oriental Society*, v. 38, p. 145-159, 1918.
HUNTER, W. W. **A Statistical Account of Bengal**. Londres: T. Trubner and Co., 1871.
HUTTON, J. H. **Census of India, 1931**. v. I, parte I: Report; parte III: Ethnographical. Nova Délhi: Manager of Publications, 1931. p. 507 e p. 95-96.
IENGAR, R. V. R. **To Pandit Hriday Nath Kunzru**. Nova Délhi: Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, 1951. 16 p.
KASYAP, V. K. et al. **Gene Structure of Indian Population Based on Fifteen Autosomal Microsatellite**. *BMC Genetics*, v. 7, p. 28, 2006.
KESHAVAN, V. K. et al. **Genetic Structure of Indian Population Based on Fifteen Autosomal Microsatellite Loci**. Disponível em: https://www.nebi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/article/PMC15/13393. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT. **Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment (Fifth Lok Sabha), Ministry of Tribal Affairs**. 2011-2012. The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Second Amendment, Bill, 2011). Nova Délhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 63 p.
LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT. **Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment (Fifth Lok Sabha), Ministry of Tribal Affairs**. 2014-2015. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order (Amendment) Bill, 2014. Nova Délhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 28 p.
LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT. **Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment (Sixth Lok Sabha), Ministry of Tribal Affairs**. 2016-2017. Nova Délhi: Lok Sabha Secretariat, 35 p.
MAHATO, B. B. **A Letter to All Fellow Members of Kurmi (Mahato) / Kudmi (Mahato) Community of Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha for Our Survival**. Jharkhand Aboriginal Kurmi (Kudmi) Panch, 2017. 8 p.
MAHATA, M. C. **The Kudmi of Jharkhand and the Near About Parts**. *Devendra Seva Sangha Swarna Jayanti Milan Samarah*, 2010. p. 3.
_______. **The Kudmi (Kurmi): A Totemic Community of Jharkhand State and Near About Parts (India). A Critical Evaluation for Inclusion in ST Category**. In: *Anthropological and Behavioral Sciences Section of ISCA*. Bangalore: [s. n.], 2020. p. 3-7.
_______. **Biodiversity Conservation with Special Reference to Totems of Some Primitive Tribes of Jharkhand State and Near About Parts (India)**. In: *Ecology and Biodiversity*. New Delhi: Today and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, 2020. p. 307-326.
MAHATO, M. C.; MOHANTA, Kalpana. **Medicinal Use of Some Craniates by the Descendants of Early Settlers of the Singhbhum Plateau, Jharkhand, India**. *New Horizon, Animal Sciences*, Zoological Society of India, Bodhgaya (Bihar), 2004. p. 289-295.
MAHATO, M. C.; PANDEY, P. N. **Preliminary Study of Ethno-Medico Zoology of the Kaptipada (Udala) Sub-Division under Mayurbhanj District, Odisha**. *Bioscience*, 2003. p. 21-33.
MAHATO, M. C.; MOHANTA, Kalpana. **Ethno-Medicinal Invertebrates of Singhbhum Plateau (Jharkhand)**. In: *Environment and Development*. Nova Délhi: APH Publishing Corporation, 2007. p. 193-205.
MAHATO, M. C. **Totems – The Primitive Social Trait of Aboriginal Primitive People / Tribes: An Analysis**. 2022. Manuscrito não publicado.
MAHATO, P. P. **Gosti, Sanghat O Samanya: Mahatoder Uparakti Samikhsya**. *Chatrak*, 1978. p. 34-54.
_______. **Sanskritization Vs. Nirbakization**. Kolkata: Purbalok, 2000.
_______. **Bharater Adivasi O Dali Samaj**. Kolkata: Purbalok, 2012.
MAHATO, Sailendra. **Jharkhand ki Samar Gatha**. Nova Délhi: Nidhi Books, 2011. 672 p.
_______. **Adibasi Kudmi Samaj for Inclusion in ST List**. Ranchi: Adibasi Kudmi Maha Sabha, 2020. 132 p.
MAHTO, Khudiram. **Kudmi of Chhotnagpur / Khudikranti**. Disponível em: https://khudikranti.wordpress.com/2013/02/23/kudmisofchhot…. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
_______. **The Legal Footing of the Kudumi / Kudmi / Kurmi (Mahto) Tribe**. Disponível em: https://kudmibandh.wordpress.com/2018/04/25/thelegalfooting. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
MAHATO, Radha Gobinda. **Jharkhander Kurmi**. 1977.
MUNDA, Soma Singh. **Jharkhand Ki Kurmi / Kudmi (Mahato) Jati**. *Jharkhand Sarkar Kalyan Bivag*, 2004. 37 p.
NANDA, C. Prasad; KULLE, 4. **Rethinking Local History & Identity Politics: Locating Kurmi Community in Odisha**. Nova Délhi: Manohar, 2015.
NEHRU, Pandit Jawaharlal. **The Discovery of India**. 1940.
RASTOGI, V. B. **Organic Evolution**. Meerut: Rastogi Publisher, 2010.
REICH, David; REICH, Eugenic. **Who We Are and How We Got Here**. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. 335 p.
RISELY, H. H. **Castes and Tribes of Bengal**. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat, 1891. 3 v., 650 p.
RUSSELL, R. V. **The Tribes and Castes of Central Provinces of India**. Nova Délhi: Asian Fundamental Services, 1995. 4 v.
SASHI, Bhushan. **Raghunath Mahato, Bidrohi: The Great Adibasi Kudmi Samaj**. Sahid Nirmal Mahato Colony, Nam Koom, 2010. 16 p.
SINGH, K. S. **Tribal Movement in India**. Nova Délhi: Sage, 2015.
SINGH, K. S.; MAHATO, P. P. **The Mahata Kurmi Mahasabha Movement in Chotanagpur**. In: *Tribal Movements in India*. Nova Délhi: Manohar, 2015. v. 2, p. 109-118.
TANDON, M. **Genetic Affinity Between Ethnically Diverse Groups of North India: A Study Based Upon 15 Microsatellite Loci**. *Indian Journal of Human Genetics*, v. 4, n. CI, p. 17-43, 2004.
INDIA. **The Constitution of India**. Nova D
élhi: Vidhi Sahitya Prakashan, Legislative Dept., Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, 1995.
VENKATARAMKRISHNAN, Rohan. **Who Was Here First? A New Study Explains the Origin of Ancient India**. Disponível em: https://qz.com/india/1243436/aryan-migration. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
VILLAMOR Jr., Fernando. **The Indian Origin of Parental Haplogroup R.a.** Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg/20082. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
HUNTER, W. W. **Statistical Account of Bengal**. 1877. Vol. 17.
WIKIPEDIA. **Race (Human Organization)**. Disponível em: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race. Acesso em: [data de acesso].
_______. **History of Jharkhand**. Disponível em: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Jharkhand. Acesso em: [data de acesso].

