Transformer based model for offensive content recognition in dravidian languages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n12-006Keywords:
offensive, emoticons, code-mix, natural language processingAbstract
This paper describes a model for spotting offensive data from the comments being collected from social media. The comments posted will include expressions, emoticons and will mostly be in code mixed language and classifying these code-mixed language comments is tricky. The proposed system uses a multi-head attention model to extract features from the code-mixed Tamil input data. Various classification algorithms are applied to these extracted features to categorize offensive comments. The generated labels are optimized by performing majority voting on labels generated by different algorithms. This system is validated on the validation set and is evaluated by applying the Tamil CodeMix test data from the dataset published by the HASOC task (Task2-subtask1) at FIRE 2021. The evaluation yields an average weighted F1 score of 0.83 and is ranked 3rd position in the official ranking.
References
de Gibert, Ona, Naiara Perez, Aitor García-Pablos, and Montse Cuadros. "Hate speech dataset from a white supremacy forum." arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.04444 (2018).
Nockleyby, J. "‘Hate speech in Encyclopedia of the American Constitution." Electronic Journal of Academic and Special librarianship (2000).
Davidson, Thomas, Dana Warmsley, Michael Macy, and Ingmar Weber. "Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language." In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, vol. 11, no. 1. 2017.
MacAvaney, Sean, Hao-Ren Yao, Eugene Yang, Katina Russell, Nazli Goharian, and Ophir Frieder. "Hate speech detection: Challenges and solutions." PloS one 14, no. 8 (2019): e0221152.
Bruce, Rebecca F., and Janyce M. Wiebe. "Recognizing subjectivity: a case study in manual tagging." Natural Language Engineering 5, no. 2 (1999): 187-205.
Wiebe, Janyce, Rebecca Bruce, and Thomas P. O’Hara. "Development and use of a gold-standard data set for subjectivity classifications." In Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 246-253. 1999.
Waseem, Zeerak. "Are you a racist or am i seeing things? annotator influence on hate speech detection on twitter." In Proceedings of the first workshop on NLP and computational social science, pp. 138-142. 2016.
Devlin, J., Chang, M.W., Lee, K. and Toutanova, K., 2018. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805.
Rosenberg, Andrew, and Julia Hirschberg. "V-measure: A conditional entropy-based external cluster evaluation measure." In Proceedings of the 2007 joint conference on empirical methods in natural language processing and computational natural language learning (EMNLP-CoNLL), pp. 410-420. 2007.
Tong, Simon, and Daphne Koller. "Support vector machine active learning with applications to text classification." Journal of machine learning research 2, no. Nov (2001): 45-66.
Qi, Zhang. "The text classification of theft crime based on TF-IDF and XGBoost model." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA), pp. 1241-1246. IEEE, 2020.
Sharma, Alok, and Kuldip K. Paliwal. "Linear discriminant analysis for the small sample size problem: an overview." International Journal of Machine Learning and Cybernetics 6, no. 3 (2015): 443-454.
Banerjee, Shubhanker, Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi, and John P. McCrae. "Comparison of pretrained embeddings to identify hate speech in Indian code-mixed text." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN), pp. 21-25. IEEE, 2020.
Mandl, Thomas, Sandip Modha, Anand Kumar M, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "Overview of the hasoc track at fire 2020: Hate speech and offensive language identification in tamil, malayalam, hindi, english and german." In Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, pp. 29-32. 2020.
Hande, Adeep, Siddhanth U. Hegde, Ruba Priyadharshini, Rahul Ponnusamy, Prasanna Kumar Kumaresan, Sajeetha Thavareesan, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "Benchmarking multi-task learning for sentiment analysis and offensive language identification in under-resourced dravidian languages." arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.03867 (2021).
Chakravarthi, Bharathi Raja, Navya Jose, Shardul Suryawanshi, Elizabeth Sherly, and John P. McCrae. "A sentiment analysis dataset for code-mixed Malayalam-English." arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.00210 (2020).
Chakravarthi, Bharathi Raja, Vigneshwaran Muralidaran, Ruba Priyadharshini, and John P. McCrae. "Corpus creation for sentiment analysis in code-mixed Tamil-English text." arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.00206 (2020).
Hande, Adeep, Ruba Priyadharshini, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "KanCMD: Kannada CodeMixed dataset for sentiment analysis and offensive language detection." In Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Computational Modeling of People's Opinions, Personality, and Emotion's in Social Media, pp. 54-63. 2020.
Hande, Adeep, Siddhanth U. Hegde, Ruba Priyadharshini, Rahul Ponnusamy, Prasanna Kumar Kumaresan, Sajeetha Thavareesan, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "Benchmarking multi-task learning for sentiment analysis and offensive language identification in under-resourced dravidian languages." arXiv preprint arXiv:2108.03867 (2021).
Mandl, Thomas, Sandip Modha, Anand Kumar M, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "Overview of the hasoc track at fire 2020: Hate speech and offensive language identification in tamil, malayalam, hindi, english and german." In Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation, pp. 29-32. 2020.
Ghanghor, Nikhil, Parameswari Krishnamurthy, Sajeetha Thavareesan, Ruba Priyadharshini, and Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi. "IIITK@ DravidianLangTech-EACL2021: Offensive Language Identification and Meme Classification in Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada." In Proceedings of the First Workshop on Speech and Language Technologies for Dravidian Languages, pp. 222-229. 2021.
Banerjee, Shubhanker, Arun Jayapal, and Sajeetha Thavareesan. "NUIG-Shubhanker@ Dravidian-CodeMix-FIRE2020: Sentiment Analysis of Code-Mixed Dravidian text using XLNet." arXiv preprint arXiv:2010.07773 (2020).

