RNAi gene therapy in Cancer treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n5-036Keywords:
miRNA, genetic silencing, siRNA, gene therapyAbstract
Cancer is caused by failures in the genetic control of cell division processes, which alter the function of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Cancer causes and treatments have been studied for years, but the development of effective therapies has its limitations, and conventional therapies frequently have significant side effects. In the search for efficient therapeutic alternatives against cancer cells, the use of non-coding RNA (ncRNA), particularly RNA interference (RNAi), has shown promise. Therefore, the current study aimed to characterize RNAi and their applications in gene therapy against cancer through a descriptive bibliographical review. RNAi consists of a gene silencing mechanism that generally occurs through two pathways: the production of microRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA). Several satisfactory and promising studies have been developed with the use of RNAi in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In general, the strategies investigated in these studies focus on the silencing of genes related to the inhibition of tumor apoptosis, oncogene silencing, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis factors, and chemoresistance reduction. Although the success of using RNAi in the fight against cancer is dependent on the efficiency with which these molecules are delivered to the target tissue, research in this area has been advancing, bringing the possibility of more efficient therapies with fewer side effects increasingly closer.
References
ABREU, M.C.V.S.; FREITAS, G.B.; FAÇANHA-FILHO, P.F.; SERRA, M.A.A.O.; NASCIMENTO, B.L.M.; NASCIMENTO, J.R.S.; COSTA, I.A.; SANTOS, C.A.A.S. Use of nanotechnology to fight stomach Cancer: an integrative review. Brazilian Journal of Development, v. 8, p. 54207-54226, 2022. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n7-341
BENJAMIN, D.J. The efficacy of surgical treatment of cancer - 20 years later. Med Hypotheses, v. 82, p. 412-20, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2014.01.004
BOBBIN, M.L.; ROSSI, J.J. RNA interference (RNAi)-Based therapeutics: delivering on the promise? Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, v. 56, p. 103–122, 2016. https://doi.org/10. 1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103633
BORGES-OSÓRIO, M.R. L.; ROBINSON, W.M. Genética Humana. Rio Grande do Sul: Grupo A, 2013.
BROWN, G. Oncogenes, Proto-Oncogenes, and Lineage Restriction of Cancer Stem Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, v. 22, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189667
CARVALHO, D.D.A. Desenvolvimento de módulo de detecção de miRNA para dispositivo biomédico de triagem de câncer. Dissertação de Mestrado. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2021.
CHEN, H.H.W.; KUO, M.T. Improving radiotherapy in cancer treatment: Promises and challenges. Oncotarget, v. 8, p. 62742-62758, 2017. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18409.
DYKXHOORN, D.M.; LIEBERMAN, J. Knocking down Disease with siRNAs. Cell, v. 126, p. 231-235, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.007
ELIAS, C. S. R.; SILVA, L. A.; MARTINS, M. T. S. L.; RAMOS, N. A. P. R.; SOUZA, M. G. G.; HIPÓLITO, R. L. Quando chega o fim? Uma revisão narrativa sobre terminalidade do período escolar para alunos deficientes mentais. SMAD: Revista Electrónica em Salud Mental, Alcohol y Drogas, v.1, p. 48-53, 2012. http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1806-69762012000100008
FRANÇA, N.R.; MESQUITA, D.J.; LIMA, A.B.; PUCCI, F.V.C.; ANDRADE, L.E.C.; SILVA, N.P. Interferência por RNA: Uma nova alternativa para terapia nas doenças reumáticas. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, v. 50, p. 695-709, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042010000600008
GOSWAMI, R.; SUBRAMANIAN, G.; SILAYEVA, L.; NEWKIRK, I.; DOCTOR, D.; CHAWLA, K.; CHATTOPADHYAY, S.; CHANDRA, D.; CHILUKURI, N.; BETAPUDI, V. Gene Therapy Leaves a Vicious Cycle. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00297
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE CÂNCER – INCA. Como surge o câncer? Rio de Janeiro, 2021. https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/cancer/como-surge-o-cancer
JORGE, A.L.; PEREIRA, E.R.; OLIVEIRA, C.S.; FERREIRA, E.S.; MENON, E.T.N.; DINIZ, S.N.; PEZUK, J.A. MicroRNAs: entendendo seu papel como reguladores da expressão gênica e seu envolvimento no câncer. einstein (São Paulo), v. 19, eRB5996, 2021. https://doi.org/10.31744/einstein_journal/2021RB5996
KANVINDE, S.; KULKARNI, T.; DEODHAR, S.; BHATTACHARYA, D.; DASGUPTA, A. Non-Viral Vectors for Delivery of Nucleic Acid Therapies for Cancer. BioTech (Basel), v. 11,6, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech11010006
KASE, Y.; UZAWA, K.; WAGAI, S.; YOSHIMURA, S.; YAMAMOTO, JI.; TOEDA, Y.; OKUBO, M.; EIZUKA, K.; ANDO, T.; NOBUCHI, T.; KAWASAKI, K.; SAITO, T.; IYODA M.; NAKASHIMA, D.; KASAMATSU, A.; TANZAWA, H. Engineered exosomes delivering specific tumor-suppressive RNAi attenuate oral cancer progression. Scientific Reports, v.11, 5897, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85242-1
KIM, Y.-K.; KIM, B.; KIM, V. N. Re-evaluation of the roles of DROSHA, Exportin 5, and DICER in microRNA biogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 113 p. E1881-E1889, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602532113
KULKARNI, J.A.; CULLIS, P. R.; MEEL, R. Lipid Nanoparticles Enabling Gene Therapies: From Concepts to Clinical Utility. Nucleic acids therapeutics, v. 28, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1089/nat.2018.0721
LI, P.C.; TU, M.J.; HO, P.Y.; JILEK, J.L.; DUAN, Z.; ZHANG, Q.Y.; YU, A.X.; YU, A.M. Bioengineered NRF2-siRNA Is Effective to Interfere with NRF2 Pathways and Improve Chemosensitivity of Human Cancer Cells. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, v. 46, p. 2-10, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.078741
LIN, X.; LIN, L.; WU, J.; JIANG, W.; WU, J.; YANG, J.; CHEN, C. A targeted siRNA-loaded PDL1-exosome and functional evaluation against lung cancer. Thoracic Cancer, v.13, p.1691-1702, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-7714.14445
LODISH, H.; BERK, A.; KAISER, C.A.; KRIEGER, M.; BRETSCHER, A.; PLOEGH, H.; AMON, A.; SCOTT, M. P. Biologia celular e molecular. 7 ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed, 2014.
MAIA, M.M.D. Conceitos básicos de epigenética para universitários. Recife: EDUFRPE, 2020.
MANSOORI, B.; SHOTORBANI, S.S.; BARADARAN, B. RNA interference and its role in cancer therapy. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, v. 4, p. 313-321, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5681/apb.2014.046
MEDRADO, L. Carcinogênese: desenvolvimento, diagnóstico e tratamento das neoplasias. São Paulo: Editora Saraiva, 2015.
NURGALI, K.; JAGOE, R.T.; ABALO, R. Editorial: Adverse Effects of Cancer Chemotherapy: Anything New to Improve Tolerance and Reduce Sequelae? Frontiers in Pharmacology, v. 22; 245, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00245
PEREIRA, C.A.G.; PONTES, B.L.A.; VALENTE, T.R.; MOURA, A.F.; MESQUITA, R.B.; Mont'Alverne, D.G.B. Influência dos Cânceres Gástrico e Hematológico na Qualidade de Vida e na Funcionalidade de Pacientes Oncológicos. Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia, v. 68 p, 2022. https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.RBC.2022v68n1.1332
PIERCE, B. A. Genética: um enfoque conceitual. 5 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan. 2016.
PRADO, E.; SALES, C.A.; GIRARDON-PERLINI, N.M.O; MATSUDA, L.M.; BENEDETTI, G.M.S.; MARCON, S.S. Vivência de pessoas com câncer em estágio avançado ante a impossibilidade de cura: análise fenomenológica. Escola Anna Nery, v. 24, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2019-0113
REDDY, K. B. MicroRNA (miRNA) in cancer. Cancer cell international, v. 15 p. 1-6, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-015-0185-1
SOARES, T.S.; FLORENTINO, M.D.; RAMOS, P.S.; ARAÚJO, D.A.F.; BRANDÃO, D.M.; FERREIRA, M.D.L.; PIRES, E.A.M.; REIS, M.Y.F.A. Application of nanocarriers as a strategy in skin Cancer therapy. Brazilian Journal of Development, v. 8, p. 63560-63575, 2022. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n9-210
SUN, W.; YANG, J. Functional Mechanisms for Human Tumor Suppressors. Journal of Cancer, 1, 136-140, 2009. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.1.136
TAYLOR, C.; CORREA, C.; DUANE, FK.; AZNAR, MC.; ANDERSON, SJ.; BERGH, J.; DODWELL, D.; EWERTZ, M.; GRAY, R.; JAGSI, R.; PIERCE, L.; PRITCHARD, KI.; SWAIN, S.; WANG, Z.; WANG, Y.; WHELAN, T.; PETO, R. and MCGALE, P. for the EARLY BREAST CANCER TRIALISTS’ COLLABORATIVE GROUP. Estimating the Risks of Breast Cancer Radiotherapy: Evidence From Modern Radiation Doses to the Lungs and Heart and From Previous Randomized Trials. Journal of clinical oncology, v. 35, p.1641-1649, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0722
TIAN, Z.; LIANG, G.; CUI, K.; LIANG, Y.; WANG, Q.; LV, S.; CHENG, X.; ZHANG, L. Insight Into the prospects for RNAi therapy of cancer. Frontiers in Pharmacology, v. 12, 644718, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.644718
UDDIN, N.; NINZEL, D.W.; SHU, D.; FU, T-M.; GUO, P. Targeted delivery of RNAi to cancer cells using RNA-ligand displaying exosome. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.019
VALLE, A.B.C.S.; GUALBERTO, A.C.; FERREIRA, K.C.B.; CRECZYNSKI-PASA, T.B.; GAMEIRO, J.; TAVARES, G.D.; PITTELLA, F. HOXB7 siRNA Delivered by Hybrid Nanoparticles and the Co Therapy with Tamoxifen: Promising Strategy against Hormone Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer. Material Proceedings, v. 4, 69, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/IOCN2020-07845
VOSGERAU, D. S. A. R.; ROMANOWSKI, J. P. Estudos de revisão: implicações conceituais e metodológicas. Revista de Diálogo Educacional, v. 41, p. 165-189, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7213/dialogo.educ.14.041.DS08
WANG, L.-H.; WU, C.-F.; RAJASEKARAN, N.; SHIN, Y.K. Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in Human Cancer: An Overview. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 51, p. 2647-2693, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495956
XIN, Y. et al. Nano-based delivery of RNAi in cancer therapy. Molecular cancer, v. 16, 134, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-017-0683-y
YOON, J.; SHIN, M.; LEE, J.-Y.; LEE, S.-N.; CHOI, J.H.; CHOI, J.-W. RNA interference (RNAi)-based plasmonic nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Journal of Controlled Release, v. 342, p. 228–240, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.01.012
ZHU, H.B.; YANG, K.; XIE, Y.-Q.; LIN, Y.-W.; MAO, Q.-Q.; XIE, L.-P. Silencing of mutant p53 by siRNA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, v. 11, 22, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-11-22
ZHU, X.; XU, Y.; SOLIS, LM.; TAO, W.; WANG, L.; BEHRENS, C.; XU, X.; ZHAO, L.; LIU, D.; WU, J.; ZHANG, N.; WISTUBA, II.; FAROKHZAD, OC.; ZETTER, BR.; SHI, J. Long-circulating siRNA nanoparticles for validating Prohibitin1-targeted non-small cell lung cancer treatment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, v. 112, p. 7779-7784, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.150562911
