Triangular bipyramid metaphor (TBM), an imagetic representation for the awareness of inclusion in chemical education (ICE)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n3-112Keywords:
chemical education, inclusion, systems thinking, the chemistry triplet, universal designAbstract
Given the urgent needs we face regarding Inclusion in Chemical Education (ICE), it is ever more evident that teachers worldwide need new perspectives to provide solutions for a more accessible, critical, and assistive education process. This work aims to propose a new pictorial representation, the Triangular Bipyramid Metaphor (TBM), for the awareness of Inclusion in Chemical Education (ICE). This new metaphor is depicted as a having a triangular bipyramidal shape with five levels of instruction: (1) symbolic or representational, (2) sub-microscopic or model, (3) macroscopic or phenomenological, (4) human aspect or context, and (5) inclusion. In short, TBM was created as a new perspective of the Mahaffy’s metaphor for working with students and the public. We hope that TBM could be useful for creating and developing novel solutions through interdisciplinary and comprehensive collaborations, providing new resources for ICE.
References
Wilson-Kennedy, Z. S.; Winfield, L. L.; Nielson, J.; Arriaga, E. A.; Kimble-Hill, A. C.; Payton-Stewart, F.; Introducing the Journal of Chemical Education’ s Special Issue on Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Respect in Chemistry Education Research and Practice. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 1. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c01219.
Johnstone, A. H.; Teaching of Chemistry - Logical or Psychological? Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 2000, 1, 9. https://doi.org/10.1039/A9RP90001B.
Johnstone, A. H.; The development of chemistry teaching: A changing response to changing demand. Journal of Chemical Education 1993, 70, 701. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed070p701.
Johnstone, A. H.; You Can’t Get There from Here. Journal of Chemical Education 2010, 87, 22. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed800026d.
Reid, N.; A tribute to Professor Alex H Johnstone (1930–2017). Chemistry Teacher International 2019, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1515/cti-2018-0016.
Reid, N.; The Johnstone Triangle: The Key to Understanding Chemistry, 1st ed. Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 2021.
Berkel, B. van; Pilot, A.; Bulte, A. M. W.; In: Multiple Representations in Chemical Education 2009.
Petillion, R. J.; McNeil, W. S.; Johnstone’s Triangle as a Pedagogical Framework for Flipped-Class Instructional Videos in Introductory Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 2020, 97, 1536. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b01105.
Enero Upahi, J.; Ramnarain, U.; Representations of chemical phenomena in secondary school chemistry textbooks. Chemistry Education Research and Practice 2019, 20, 146. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RP00191J.
Talanquer, V.; Macro, Submicro, and Symbolic: The many faces of the chemistry “triplet”. International Journal of Science Education 2011, 33, 179. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690903386435.
Taber, K. S.; Revisiting the chemistry triplet: drawing upon the nature of chemical knowledge and the psychology of learning to inform chemistry education. Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 2013, 14, 156. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RP00012E.
Schnetzler, R.; Antunes-Souza, T.; Proposições Didáticas para o Formador Químico: A Importância do Triplete Químico, da Linguagem e da Experimentação Investigativa na Formação Docente em Química. Química Nova 2019, 42, 947. https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170401.
Mahaffy, P.; The Future Shape of Chemistry Education. Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. 2004, 5, 229. https://doi.org/10.1039/B4RP90026J.
Mahaffy, P.; Moving Chemistry Education into 3D: A Tetrahedral Metaphor for Understanding Chemistry. Union Carbide Award for Chemical Education. Journal of Chemical Education 2006, 83, 49. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed083p49.
Sjöström, J.; Eilks, I.; Talanquer, V.; Didaktik Models in Chemistry Education. Journal of Chemical Education 2020, 97, 910. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.9b01034.
Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Jesus, D. P. de; Girotto Júnior, G.; Química Verde e a Tabela Periódica de Anastas e Zimmerman: Tradução e Alinhamentos com o Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Química Nova 2022, 45, 1010. https://doi.org/10.21577/0100-4042.20170893.
Sjöström, J.; Talanquer, V.; Humanizing Chemistry Education: From Simple Contextualization to Multifaceted Problematization. Journal of Chemical Education 2014, 91, 1125. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed5000718.
Sjöström, J.; Towards Bildung-Oriented Chemistry Education. Science & Education 2013, 22, 1873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-011-9401-0.
Gadelha, H. S.; Castro Filho, H. M.; Almeida, R. S. de; Maciel, J. C. F.; Medeiros, R. F. de; Santos, S. A. dos; Maia, A. G.; Marques, A. T.; Lei brasileira de inclusão da pessoa com deficiência: modificações no código civil e conquistas sociais. Research, Society and Development 2022, 11, e35011225444. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.25444.
(UNICEF), U. N. C. F.; Inclusive Education. 2022, https://www.unicef.org/education/inclusive-education.
Ausubel, D.; Novak, J. D.; Hanesian, H.; Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View, 2nd ed. Holt, Rinehart & Winston.: New York, 1978.
Mayer, R. E.; Rote Versus Meaningful Learning. Theory Into Practice 2002, 41, 226. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4104_4.
Mason, D. S.; Meaningful Learning. Journal of Chemical Education 2004, 81, 1081. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed081p1081.
Shaw, J. L.; Promoting Meaningful Learning through Incorporation of Creative Exercises in Inorganic Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 2023, 100, 69. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00598.
Gallardo-Williams, M.; Morsch, L. A.; Paye, C.; Seery, M. K.; Student-generated video in chemistry education. Chemistry Education Research and Practice 2020, 21, 488. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RP00182D.
Jones, L. C.; Sarju, J. P.; Dessent, C. E. H.; Matharu, A. S.; Smith, D. K.; What Makes a Professional Chemist? Embedding Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion into Chemistry Skills Training for Undergraduates. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 480. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00500.
Smith, D. K.; iTube, YouTube, WeTube: Social Media Videos in Chemistry Education and Outreach. Journal of Chemical Education 2014, 91, 1594. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed400715s.
Velozo, M. C. S.; Tavares, M. J. F.; Ferraz, J. M. S.; Souza, N. S. de; Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A. de; An inclusive approach to incorporating green chemistry in a post-pandemic world. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2022, 10, 140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss12.4017.
Ferraz, J. M. S.; Velozo, M. C. S.; Tavares, M. J. F.; Souza, N. S. De; Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A. de; Sustainable experimentation in Chemistry Teaching: Batch Adsorption Technique with activated carbon from the endocarp of coconut in water treatment. Research, Society and Development 2022, 11, e204111738786. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i17.38786.
Beyond Benign; Teaching Green Chemistry to Deaf Students in Brazil – A Pioneer Case Study. 2022, https://www.beyondbenign.org/news/teaching-green-chemistry-to-deaf-students-in-brazil-a-pioneer-case-study/.
Andino-Enríquez, J. E.; Andino-Enríquez, M. A.; Hidalgo-Báez, F. E.; Chalán-Gualán, S. P.; Gualapuro-Gualapuro, S. D.; Belli, S.; Chicaiza-Lema, M. B.; Adaptation of the Periodic Table to Kichwa: An Ecuadorian Native Language. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 211. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00383.
Lynn, M. A.; Templeton, D. C.; Ross, A. D.; Gehret, A. U.; Bida, M.; Sanger, T. J.; Pagano, T.; Successes and Challenges in Teaching Chemistry to Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Students in the Time of COVID-19. Journal of Chemical Education 2020, 97, 3322. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00602.
Clark, K.; Sheikh, A.; Swartzenberg, J.; Gleason, A.; Cummings, C.; Dominguez, J.; Mailhot, M.; Collison, C. G.; Sign Language Incorporation in Chemistry Education (SLICE): Building a Lexicon to Support the Understanding of Organic Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 122. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c01368.
Boer, A.; Pijl, S. J.; Minnaert, A.; Regular primary schoolteachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education: a review of the literature. International Journal of Inclusive Education 2011, 15, 331. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603110903030089.
Gehret, A. U.; Michel, L. V.; Trussell, J. W.; Experiential education of deaf and hard of hearing students in the lab with non-signing advisors. International Journal of Inclusive Education 2021, 0, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2021.1879948.
Armstrong, D.; Armstrong, A. C.; Spandagou, I.; Inclusion: by choice or by chance? International Journal of Inclusive Education 2011, 15, 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2010.496192.
Badilla-Quintana, M. G.; Sepulveda-Valenzuela, E.; Salazar Arias, M.; Augmented Reality as a Sustainable Technology to Improve Academic Achievement in Students with and without Special Educational Needs. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198116.
Chua, K. H.; Bong, W. K.; Providing inclusive education through virtual classrooms: a study of the experiences of secondary science teachers in Malaysia during the pandemic. International Journal of Inclusive Education 2022, 0, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2022.2042403.
Comarú, M. W.; Lopes, R. M.; Braga, L. A. M.; Batista Mota, F.; Galvão, C.; A bibliometric and descriptive analysis of inclusive education in science education. Studies in Science Education 2021, 57, 241. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2021.1897930.
Aljedaani, W.; Krasniqi, R.; Aljedaani, S.; Mkaouer, M. W.; Ludi, S.; Al-Raddah, K.; If online learning works for you, what about deaf students? Emerging challenges of online learning for deaf and hearing-impaired students during COVID-19: a literature review. Universal Access in the Information Society 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-022-00897-5.
Kranz, J.; Tiemann, R.; Three Steps to an Inclusive Education: MiC, a Model for Inclusive Chemistry Teaching. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 1868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c01240.
Lianda, R. L. P.; Costa, O. M. de R.; Silveira, B. A. de A.; Santos, I. A.; Fernandes, K. G.; Silva, I. N. P.; O Aprendiz Surdo e a Química. Holos 2020, 5, 1. https://doi.org/10.15628/holos.2020.8303.
Paulsrud, D.; Nilholm, C.; Teaching for inclusion – a review of research on the cooperation between regular teachers and special educators in the work with students in need of special support. International Journal of Inclusive Education 2020, 0, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1846799.
Nakamura, A.; Fostering Diversity and Inclusion and Understanding Implicit Bias in Undergraduate Chemical Education. Journal of Chemical Education 2022, 99, 331. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.1c00422.
Guo, F.; Young, J.; Deese, N.; Pickens-Flynn, T.; Sellers, D.; Perkins, D.; Yakubu, M.; Promoting the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Organic Chemistry Education through Undergraduate Research Experiences at WSSU. Education Sciences 2021, 11, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080394.
Tavares, M. J. F.; Ferraz, J. M. S.; Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; De Souza, N. S.; De Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A.; Aplicação de uma nova metodologia para o ensino de discentes surdos. Brazilian Journal of Development 2022, 8, 11566. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n2-206.
Velozo, M. C. S.; Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Tavares, M. J. F.; Ferraz, J. M. S.; Souza, N. S. de; Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A. de; Creation and Validation of Bilingual Educational Videos about Environmental Education, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Development Goals for Deaf People in Brazil. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2023, 11, 46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol11.iss1.4043.
Da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Souza, N. S. de; Velozo, M. C. S.; Ferraz, J. M. S.; Tavares, M. J. F.; De Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A.; Challenges and successes: online and inclusive teaching of green chemistry in Brazil in the time of Covid-19. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2022, 10, 106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss12.4012.
Souza, N. S. de; Figueirêdo, A. M. T. A. de; da Silva Júnior, C. A.; Ferraz, J. M. S.; Tavares, M. J. F.; Inclusive Teaching in Organic Chemistry. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2022, 10, 290. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss1.3618.
Hamann, C. S.; A Paradigm of Practicable Equity and Inclusion: Heeding the Call to Shift Both Mindsets and Methods. Journal of Chemical Education 2023, 100, 10. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00459.

