Extraction of total carbohydrates by solvents from the microalgae <em>Chlorella</em> vulgaris and analysis of the influence of NaNO3 and photoperiods on microalgae cell growth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n1-169Keywords:
carbohydrates, ionic liquid, microalgae, solventAbstract
The development of new resources for ethanol production has been changing over the years, and microalgae use has become one of the most ecological alternatives. Microalgae are increasingly being used due to their biochemical composition, rich in carbohydrates and proteins, in addition to several properties such as high CO2 absorption capacity. One of the most cultivated and studied microalgae today is Chlorella vulgaris since it has high growth rates and can be cultivated in different environments and conditions. Therefore, microalgae biomass is composed of potential ingredients for the production of biofuels. Considering the above, the objective of this work is to extract the total carbohydrates stored in the cellular structure of the microalgae by the organic solvent extraction method, hexane/ethanol (1:2) and by ionic liquid/ethanol (1:2), evaluating different conditions of microalgae cultivation. For this, 9 experiments were carried out, varying according to the culture medium in which the microalgae were introduced, containing BG-11 medium with different concentrations of NaNO3 (sodium nitrate) and forced aeration, in addition to different cultivation photoperiods. The reading of the results showed that the breakdown of the microalgae cell wall was better with acid hydrolysis and extraction with hexane. Thus, the highest efficiency in the extraction of carbohydrates was with a sodium nitrate concentration of 2300 and a photoperiod of 16 hours, during the entire period evaluated.
References
ALAVIJEH, R. S.; KARIMI, K.; WIJFFELS, R. H.; BERG, C. VAN DEN; EPPINK, M. Combined bead milling and enzymatic hydrolysis for efficient fractionation of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates of Chlorella vulgaris microalgae. Bioresource Technology, v. 309, p. 123321, 1 ago. 2020.
ALVAREZ, V. H.; MATTEDI, S.; MARTIN-PASTOR, M.; AZNAR, M.; IGLESIAS, M. Thermophysical properties of binary mixtures of {ionic liquid 2-hydroxy ethylammonium acetate + (water, methanol, or ethanol)}. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, v. 43, n. 7, p. 997–1010, 1 jul. 2011.
AZHAND, N.; SADEGHIZADEH, A.; RAHIMI, R. Effect of superficial gas velocity on CO2 capture from air by Chlorella vulgaris microalgae in an Airlift photobioreactor with external sparger. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, v. 8, n. 4, p. 104022, 1 ago. 2020.
BEATRIZ, F. P.; COELHO, D. F.; CERQUEIRA, K. S.; FREITAS, J. A.; TAMBOURGI, E. B.; SOUZA, R. R. HIDRÓLISE ÁCIDA E EFICIÊNCIA DA EXTRAÇÃO DE CARBOIDRATOS DE CHLORELLA VULGARIS. XXII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Química e XVII Encontro Brasileiro sobre o ensino de Engenharia Química, p. 4, 2018.
BUCHANAN, M. Solvent extractives of wood and pulp. TAPPI, p. 12, 2012.
CHENG, C. L.; LO, Y. C.; HUANG, K. LOU; NAGARAJAN, D.; CHEN, C. Y.; LEE, D. J.; CHANG, J. S. Effect of pH on biomass production and carbohydrate accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris JSC-6 under autotrophic, mixotrophic, and photoheterotrophic cultivation. Bioresource Technology, v. 351, p. 127021, 1 maio 2022.
CHHANDAMA, M. V. L.; SATYAN, K. B.; CHANGMAI, B.; VANLALVENI, C.; ROKHUM, S. L. Microalgae as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel: A review. Bioresource Technology Reports, v. 15, p. 100771, 1 set. 2021.
DEMPFLE, D.; KRÖCHER, O.; STUDER, M. H.-P. Techno-economic assessment of bioethanol production from lignocellulose by consortium-based consolidated bioprocessing at industrial scale. New Biotechnology, 31 jul. 2021.
DOURADO, M. S.; CARDOSO, C. C. A.; CALADO, C. S. C.; FRETY, R. T. F.; SALES, E. A. Microalgas como matéria prima para a produção de compostos lipídicos precursores de combustíveis verdes. Brazilian Journal of Development, v. 6, n. 3, p. 13985–13994, 2020.
DUBOIS, M.; GILLES, K.; HAMILTON, J. K.; REBERS, P. A.; SMITH, F. A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Sugars. Nature 1951 168:4265, v. 168, n. 4265, p. 167–167, 1951.
HO, S. H.; HUANG, S. W.; CHEN, C. Y.; HASUNUMA, T.; KONDO, A.; CHANG, J. S. Bioethanol production using carbohydrate-rich microalgae biomass as feedstock. Bioresource Technology, v. 135, p. 191–198, 1 maio 2013.
KHAN, M. I.; SHIN, J. H.; KIM, J. D. The promising future of microalgae: Current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microbial Cell Factories, v. 17, n. 1, 5 mar. 2018.
KSELÍKOVÁ, V.; SINGH, A.; BIALEVICH, V.; ČÍŽKOVÁ, M.; BIŠOVÁ, K. Improving microalgae for biotechnology — From genetics to synthetic biology – Moving forward but not there yet. Biotechnology Advances, p. 107885, 11 dez. 2021.
KUMAR, A.; ERGAS, S.; YUAN, X.; SAHU, A.; ZHANG, Q.; DEWULF, J.; MALCATA, F. X.; LANGENHOVE, H. VAN. Enhanced CO 2 fixation and biofuel production via microalgae: Recent developments and future directions. Trends in Biotechnology, v. 28, n. 7, p. 371–380, 2010.
LI, C. J.; XIN, M. R.; SUN, Z. L. Selection of extraction solvents for edible oils from microalgae and improvement of the oxidative stability. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, v. 132, n. 4, p. 365–371, 1 out. 2021.
MIRANDA, J. R.; PASSARINHO, P. C.; GOUVEIA, L. Pre-treatment optimization of Scenedesmus obliquus microalga for bioethanol production. Bioresource Technology, v. 104, p. 342–348, 1 jan. 2012.
PETROVA, E. V.; KUKARSKIKH, G. P.; KRENDELEVA, T. E.; ANTAL, T. K. The Mechanisms and Role of Photosynthetic Hydrogen Production by Green Microalgae. Microbiology 2020 89:3, v. 89, n. 3, p. 251–265, 4 jun. 2020.
RIPPKA, R.; DERUELLES, J.; WATERBURY, J. B. Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, v. 111, n. 1, p. 1–61, 1 mar. 1979.
ROCHA, J. M. S.; GARCIA, J. E. C.; HENRIQUES, M. H. F. Growth aspects of the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Biomolecular Engineering, v. 20, n. 4–6, p. 237–242, 1 jul. 2003.
SILVA, R. DE O. UTILIZAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DA INDÚSTRIA CACAUEIRA PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharia. Programa de pós-graduação em engenharia química. Dissertação de mestrado., p. 90, 2018.
