Aplicação de nanocarreadores como estratégia na terapia do Câncer de pele
Application of nanocarriers as a strategy in skin Cancer therapy
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n9-210Keywords:
nanossistemas, poliméricas, metálicas, lipossomas, nanoemulsõesAbstract
A incidência e casos de morte por câncer de pele vem aumentando drasticamente nos últimos anos, ocupando o 5º lugar entre os cânceres mais comuns a nível global. Este aumento de casos é devido a superexposição aos raios ultravioletas, em que promove um estresse oxidativo nas células da pele, resultando em danos aos ácidos nucleicos e por fim causando o fotoenvelhecimento ou câncer de pele. Diante os fatos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar os diferentes tipos de nanocarreadores, enfatizando as vantagens inerentes a esses novos sistemas que podem contribuir para o avanço terapêutico da neoplasia cutânea. Nesse viés, foi realizada uma revisão integrativa em base de dados digitais como a PubMed®, Embase®, Scopus®, entre os anos de 2016 a 2021. As Nanopartículas (NPs) poliméricas são os nanocarreadores mais empregados nas pesquisas, alguns estudos se objetivaram em comprovar a atividade de fármacos incorporados em NPs poliméricas para o tratamento das neoplasias cutâneas, destacando- se 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) encapsulado a esse nanossistema. O método mostrou ser uma plataforma altamente relevante para a entrega de 5-FU intracelular em baixas doses, na quimioterapia tópica. Já as NPs metálicas carregadas com cisplatina IV (Pt) provocou inibição significativa no crescimento do tumor, podendo ser eficaz em tumores com pH reduzido. Bem como, a utilização dos lipossomas incorporados a medicamentos apresentou potencial significativo ao carrear doxorrubicina e celecoxibe, na qual apresentaram atividades apoptóticas em células cancerígenas. Em vista disso, essas vesículas podem ser utilizadas para impulsionar a permeabilidade e retenção do fármaco no local do tumor. Além disso, as NEs são utilizadas nos estudos para carregar drogas, enfatizando a incorporação do óleo do açaí. De forma que reduziu o volume do tumor in vivo e apresentou atividade apoptótica em estudos in vitro. Vale salientar o uso de transportadores lipídicos nanoestruturados (TLNs) carregados de silimarina foram capazes de induzir apoptose contra as linhas celulares SK-MEL 2, tendo a possibilidade desse extrato combinado a essa plataforma reduzir a carga de resistência a diversos medicamentos. Portanto, os nanocarreadores demonstram ser bastante favoráveis na veiculação de ativos para o tratamento de neoplasias cutâneas devido conseguiram agregar as formulações diversas propriedades, proteção do fármaco contra a degradação química e melhoria na solubilidade do mesmo, redução do metabolismo e efeito sistêmico dos ativos, liberação sustentada e, consequentemente, redução do numero e frequência na administração das doses. E por fim, pode resultar em uma elevação do potencial terapêutico.
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