<em>Ocimum campechianum</em> essential oil: chemical composition and antifungal activity against filamentous fungi
Óleo essencial de <em>Ocimum campechianum:</em> composição química e atividade antifúngica frente à fungos filamentosos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n9-107Keywords:
essential oil, Ocimum campechianum, Aspergillus niger, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Penicillium chrysogenum, toxicityAbstract
Ocimum campechianum (OC), an aromatic and medicinal plant from the Amazon region, is rich in essential oils with antimicrobial potential. This study aimed to analyze the quality, toxicity, and antifungal action of Ocimum campechianum essential oil(OCEO). The plant species were collected in the city of São Luís-MA (Brazil). The essential oil (EO) was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus, and the physical-chemical parameters were analyzed according to the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia norms. The essential oil constituents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Toxicity was evaluated against brine shrimp (Artemia salina Leach). The antifungal activity was evaluated by the method of disk diffusion and microdilution in broth against ATCC strains of filamentous fungi Aspergillus Niger (ATCC 6275), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (ATCC 96723), and Penicillium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106. The essential oil showed a slightly yellowish color, intense clove aroma, a density of 1.0 ± 0.0 g/mL, a refractive index of 1.52 ± 0.00, solubility in ethanol (1:2), and a yield of 1.40%. The chromatographic profile showed 36 volatile compounds, the majority being eugenol (49.18%), followed by β- caryophyllene (17.26%), elixene (9.46%), methyl eugenol (7.65%), and eucalyptol (2,55%). It presented LC 50 = 955 μg / mL against Artemia salina. The fungi induced growth inhibition zones (14.90 to 17.85 mm). The fungus P. chrysogenum was the most susceptible (MIC 220 μg/ml) compared to the fungi A. niger (MIC 250 μg/mL) and C. gloeosporioides (MIC 270 μg/mL). The minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) was sufficient to inhibit the growth of P. chrysogenum at 380 μg/mL, A. niger at 400.25 μg/mL, and C. gloeosporioides at 416.66 μg/mL. The OCEO showed good quality, low toxicity, and fungicidal action against the filamentous fungi analyzed, suggesting its application as a promising natural antifungal, mainly in combating diseases in post-harvest crops.
References
ADAMS, R. P. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4º edition. Illinois: Allure. 804p., 2007.
AMARANTE, Cristine Bastos, et al. Phytochemical study bioassay-guided by tests of toxicity on Artemia salina and antiplasmodial activity from stem of aninga (Montrichardia linifera). Acta Amazonica, v. 41, p. 431-434, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0044-59672011000300015
ARAUJO, Thais Danyelle Santos et al. Nanoemulsion of cashew gum and clove essential oil (Ocimum gratissimum Linn) potentiating antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 193, p. 100-108, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.195
BAKKALI, Fadil et al. Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and chemical toxicology, v. 46, n. 2, p. 446-475, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.106.
BARBOSA, Celma de Oliveira. Caracterização química e atividades biológicas dos óleos essenciais e extratos alcoólicos das espécies Ocimum spp. (manjericão) e Curcuma longa (açafrão da terra). 2018.142 f. Tese (Doutorado em Biotecnologia) -Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2018.
http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/30851
BARBOSA, Celma et al. Chemical composition and antioxidant potential of essential oils from different Ocimum species (Basil). Brazilian Journal of Development, v. 7, n. 3, p. 24422-24442, 2021. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv7n3-241.
BURT, S. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. Int. J. Food Microbiol. v. 94, p.223–253, 2004.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022
CAAMAL-HERRERA, Isabel O. et al. Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activity of essential oil, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ocimum micranthum Willd leaves. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, v. 18, n. 1, p. 1-9, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2122-z
CALO Juliany Rivera et al Essential oils as antimicrobials in food systems–A review Food Control v. 54, p. 111-119, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.12.040
CAROVIĆ-STANKO, Klaudija et al. Composition and antibacterial activities of essential oils of seven Ocimum taxa. Food Chemistry, v. 119, n. 1, p. 196-201, 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.06.010
Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference methods for Broth Diluition antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Approved Standard. M27-A 4th. edn. Document CLSI (2017). Wayne, PA.
COLEGATE, M.; MOLYNEUX, R.J. “Bioactive natural products: detection, isolation,and structural determination”, Second Edition, CRC Press, 2007.
DA SILVA, Bruno Dutra et al. Essential oil nanoemulsions: Properties, development, and application in meat and meat products. Trends in Food Science & Technology, v.121, p.1-13, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2022.01.026.
DE VASCONCELOS SILVA, Maria Goretti et al. Essential Oil Composition of the Leaves of Ocimum micranthum Willd. Journal of Essential Oil Research, v. 16, n. 3, p. 189-190, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2004.9698693
DI STASI, L. C. et al. Medicinal plants popularly used in the Brazilian Tropical Atlantic Forest. Fitoterapia, v. 73, n. 1, p. 69-91, 2002.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(01)00362-8
EBADA, Sherif S.; LIN, WenHan; PROKSCH, Peter. Bioactive sesterterpenes and triterpenes from marine sponges: Occurrence and pharmacological significance. Marine Drugs, v. 8, n. 2, p. 313-346, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3390/md8020313
EL ASBAHANI, A. et al. Essential oils: from extraction to encapsulation. International journal of pharmaceutics, v.33 483, n. 1-2, p. 220-243, 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.069
FARMACOPEIA BRASILEIRA. 6ª Edição. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Vigilância, 2020.https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/farmacopeia/farmacopeia-brasileira/arquivos/7984json-file-1. Acesso em: 10/01/2020.
FIGUEIREDO, Pablo Luis B. et al. Seasonal study of methyleugenol chemotype of Ocimum campechianum essential oil and its fungicidal and antioxidant activities. Natural Product Communications, v. 13, n. 8, p. 1055-1058, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1801300833.burt
GUARDADO YORDI, Estela et al. A comprehensive ethnobotanical profile of Ocimum campechianum (Lamiaceae): From traditional medicine to phytochemical and pharmacological evidences. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, p. 1-17, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2022.2056647
JUGREET, B. Sharmeen et al. Chemistry, bioactivities, mode of action and industrial applications of essential oils. Trends in Food Science & Technology, v. 101, p. 89-105, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.025
KIM, Jun‐Seob et al. Crossing the kingdom border: Human diseases caused by plant pathogens. Environmental Microbiology, v. 22, n. 7, p. 2485-2495, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1462-2920.15028
MARCHESE, Anna et al. Antimicrobial activity of eugenol and essential oils containing eugenol: A mechanistic viewpoint. Critical reviews in microbiology, v. 43, n. 6, p. 668-689, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2017.1295225
MEYER, B. N. et al. Brine shrimp: a convenient general bioassay for active plant constituents. Planta Medica, v. 45, n. 05, p. 31-34, 1982. https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-2007-971236
NASCIMENTO, Lidiane Diniz et al. Microwave-assisted extraction: an alternative to extract Piper aduncum essential oil. Brazilian Journal of Development, v. 6, n. 6, p. 40639-40653, 2020. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n6-558
NAZZARO, Filomena et al. Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, v. 6, n. 12, p. 1451-1474, 2013. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451
PANDEY, Abhay Kumar; SINGH, Pooja; TRIPATHI, Nijendra Nath. Chemistry and bioactivities of essential oils of some Ocimum species: an overview. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, v. 4, n. 9, p. 682-694, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C77
REBEY, Iness Bettaieb et al. Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of Pimpinella anisum L. accessions at different stages of maturation. Scientia horticulture, v. 246, p. 453-461, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.11.016
RIELLA, K. R. et al. Anti-inflammatory and cicatrizing activities of thymol, a monoterpene of the essential oil from Lippia gracilis, in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, v. 143, p. 656-663, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.028
ROSAS, J. F. et al. Comparação dos voláteis das folhas de Ocimum micranthum Willd. obtidos por hidrodestilação e destilação-extração simultânea. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, v. 7, p. 26-29, 2004.
SACCHETTI, Gianni et al. Composition and functional properties of the essential oil of Amazonian basil, Ocimum micranthum Willd., Labiatae in comparison with commercial essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 52, n. 11, p. 3486-3491, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf035145e
SCALVENZI, Laura et al. Larvicidal activity of Ocimum campechianum, Ocotea quixos and Piper aduncum essential oils against Aedes aegypti. Parasite, v. 26, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019024
SHARMA, Krishna Kant. Fungal genome sequencing: basic biology to biotechnology. Critical reviews in biotechnology, v. 36, n. 4, p. 743-759, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1015959
TACCHINI, Massimo et al. Ocimum campechianum mill. from Amazonian Ecuador: Chemical composition and biological activities of extracts and their main constituents (Eugenol and Rosmarinic Acid). Molecules, v. 26, n. 1, p. 84, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26010084
VALDERRAMA, Freddy; RUIZ, Fredy. An optimal control approach to steam distillation of essential oils from aromatic plants. Computers & Chemical Engineering, v. 117, p. 25-31, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.05.009.
VIEIRA, Priscila RN et al. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum species. Industrial Crops and Products, v. 55, p. 267-271, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.02.032.
ZHANG, Xiaofeng et al. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. BioMed research international, v. 2018, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2396109.
ZHENG, Yanli et al. Inhibition effect of Aspergillus niger and quality preservation of apple by in-package sterilization medium flow of circulating. Scientia Horticulturae, v. 293, p. 110708, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110708.
ZOGHBI, Maria das Graças B. et al. Variation in volatiles of Ocimum campechianum Mill. and Ocimum gratissimum L. cultivated in the North of Brazil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, v. 10, n. 3, p. 229-240, 2007.
