Alterações do DNA espermático de ratos adultos com sobrepeso induzido por supernutrição neonatal / Sperm DNA alterations in overweight rats induced by neonatal supernutrition
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv8n3-427Keywords:
espermatozoide, sobrepeso, fertilidade masculina, DNA.Abstract
A obesidade e o sobrepeso são distúrbios multifatoriais relacionados ao aumento da adiposidade, dislipidemia, estresse oxidativo e inflamação, que estão associados à alta morbimortalidade. Embora a infância não tenha sido alvo da prevenção do sobrepeso/ obesidade, o período pós-natal precoce é altamente vulnerável e o ambiente neonatal inadequado, tal como a superalimentação induzida pela redução do tamanho da ninhada, pode causar modificações fisiológicas e metabólicas em longo prazo, e que são evidenciadas somente na idade adulta. O sobrepeso/ obesidade podem acarretar alterações dos níveis dos hormônios sexuais, do processo espermatogênico e na maturação espermática. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da supernutrição neonatal sobre a estrutura da cromatina e a fragmentação do DNA espermático, e se possíveis alterações do genoma paterno poderiam causar prejuízos na fertilidade e na capacidade reprodutiva dos ratos na fase adulta. A supernutrição neonatal foi induzida pela redução do tamanho da ninhada. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar, divididos em dois grupos experimentais (n=8), aos dois dias pós-parto (dpp): grupo ninhada padrão (NP - 10 filhotes/ninhada) e grupo ninhada reduzida (NR - 4 filhotes/ninhada). Após o desmame, aos 21dpp, todos os filhotes receberam ração comercial padrão. Aos 119 dpp, os ratos foram acasalados com fêmeas primíparas. No 20º dia de gestação, as ratas prenhes (acasaladas com os animais dos grupos experimentais) foram submetidas à eutanásia, o útero e os ovários foram removidos para registro do número de implantações, corpos lúteos, reabsorções e fetos (vivos/mortos), além de dados morfométricos fetais e placentários, para posterior determinação dos parâmetros relativos à fertilidade e à capacidade reprodutiva. Após os acasalamentos, os ratos machos experimentais foram eutanasiados e os espermatozóides foram coletados da porção proximal da cauda epididimária para análise da compactação da cromatina, pelo Teste de Azul de Toluidina, e da fragmentação do DNA, por meio da técnica de Laranja de Acridina. Os animais adultos, aos 119 dpp, com sobrepeso induzido por supernutrição neonatal (grupo NR) apresentaram aumento estatisticamente significante na proporção de espermatozóides com fragmentação do DNA e redução na compactação da cromatina espermática, em comparação com o grupo controle. Entretanto, não ocorreram alterações dos parâmetros relativos a fertilidade e a capacidade reprodutiva masculina. Os resultados sugerem que a supernutrição neonatal causou alterações no genoma paterno, na fase adulta, caracterizadas por fragmentação do DNA e redução na protaminação da cromatina espermática, mas que não afetou a fertilidade e a capacidade reprodutiva masculina. Estudos adicionais estão sendo conduzidos para avaliação de possíveis efeitos sobre o desenvolvimento embriofetal embrionário e na ocorrência de malformações congênitas na prole.
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