One-Step reverse transcriptase PCR for detection of arboviruses in serum samples of patients assisted in Basic health Units in the State of Maranhão, Brazil / PCR de transcriptase reversa em uma etapa para detecção de arbovírus em amostras de soro de pacientes atendidos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde no estado do Maranhão, Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n9-203Keywords:
Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, Mayaro virusAbstract
polymerase chain reaction to detect acute infections caused by dengue, zika, chikungunya, and mayaro virus in clinical samples. Methods: We evaluated 620 sera samples collected from March 2016 to March 2018 and provided by the Central Health Laboratory of Maranhão (LACEN-MA). Total RNA was isolated from clinical specimens and used as the template for one-step RT-PCR assays with specific-primers designed for this study. Results: Of the 620 sera evaluated, 386 (62.2%) were positive, among them 330 (85.5%) amplified a specific fragment for chikungunya, 55 (14.2%) showed a fragment compatible with dengue serotype 4, and 1 (0.3%) exhibited profile for mayaro virus. Conclusions: The results obtained here were more sensitive than IgM-ELISA because the viral RNA was detected in serum samples from patients, not only from 1 to 6 days but also from 7 to 10 days after the beginning of clinical signs (convalescent period). Besides, the mayaro virus was detected in one serum sample that was IgM-ELISA negative for dengue, zika, and chikungunya.
References
Sigfrid, L.; Reusken, C.; Eckerle, I.; Nussenblatt, V.; Messina, J.; Kraemer, M.; Ergonul, O.; Papa, A.; Koopmans, M.; Horby P. Preparing clinicians for (re-) emerging arbovirus infectious diseases in Europe. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2018, 3, 229-239, doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.029.
Braack, L.; Gouveia de Almeida, A.P.; Cornel, A.J.; Swanepoel, R.; de Jager, C. Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors. Parasit. Vectors. 2018, 1, 29, doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2559-9.
Patterson, J.; Sammon, M.; Garg, M. Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya: Emerging Arboviruses in the New World. Western. J. Emerg. Med. 2016, 6, 671-679, doi: 10.5811/westjem.2016.9.30904.
Boyer, S.; Calvez, E.; Chouin-Carneiro, T.; Diallo, D.; Failloux, A.B. An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus. Microbes Infect. 2018, 11-12, 646-660, doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2018.01.006.
Mourya, D.T.; Gokhale, M.D.; Majumdar, T.D.; Yadav, P.D.; Kumar, V.; Mavale M.S. Experimental Zika virus infection in Aedes aegypti: Susceptibility, transmission & co-infection with dengue & chikungunya viruses. Indian. J. Med. Res. 2018, 1, 88-96, doi: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1142_17.
Day, J.F. Mosquito Oviposition Behavior and Vector Control. Tabachnick WJ. Insects. 2016, 4, 65, doi:10.3390/insects7040065.
Almeida, M.C.; Assunção, R.M.; Proietti, F.A.; Caiaffa, W.T. Intra-urban dynamics of dengue epidemics in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, 1996–2002. Cad. Saúde. Publ. 2008, 24, 2385–2395.
Donalisio, M.R.; Freitas, A.R.R.; Zuben, A.P.B.V. Arboviruses emerging in Brazil: challenges for clinic and implications for public health. Rev Saude Publica. 2017, 10, 51:30, doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000019.
Paixão, E.S.; Teixeira, M.G.; Rodrigues, L.C. Zika, chikungunya and dengue: the causes and threats of new and re-emerging arboviral diseases. BMJ Glob Health. 2017, 3, e000530, doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-00053.
Rodriguez-Morales, A.J. No era suficiente con dengue y chikungunya: llegó también Zika. Arch. Med. 2014, 2-3, 1-4, doi: 10.3823/1245.
Paniz-Mondolfi, A.E.; Rodriguez-Morales, A.J.; Blohm, G.; Marquez, M.; Villamil-Gomez, W.E. ChikDenMaZika Syndrome: the challenge of diagnosing arboviral infections in the midst of concurrent epidemics. Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob. 2016, 15, 42, doi: 10.1186/s12941-016-0157-x.
Mustafa, M.S.; Rasotgi, V.; Jain, S.; Gupta, V. Discovery of fifth serotype of dengue virus (DENV-5): A new public health dilemma in dengue control. Med. J. Armed. Forces. India. 2014, 1, 67-70, doi: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2014.09.011.
Uno, N.; Ross, T.M. Dengue virus and the host innate immune response. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2018, 1,167. doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0168-0.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Monitoramento dos casos de dengue, febre de chikungunya e febre pelo vírus Zika até a Semana Epidemiológica 45. Boletim Epidemiológico. 2015, 46, 36.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Dengue: diagnóstico e manejo clínico: adultos e crianças [recurso eletrônico] / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. – 5. ed. – Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. 2016, 58 p.
Brasil. Boletim Epidemiológico Monitoramento dos casos de dengue, febre de chikungunya e febre pelo vírus Zika. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. 2017, 48, 29.
Brasil. Boletim Epidemiológico. Monitoramento dos casos de dengue, febre de chikungunya e febre pelo vírus Zika. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Ministério da Saúde. 2019, 50, 4.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Nota Informativa. 2015, 6. CIEVS/ DEVIT/SVS/MS. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde. 2015.
Sergon, K.; Yahaya, A.A.; Brown, J.; Bedja, S.A.; Mlindasse, M.; Agata, N.; Allaranger, Y.; Ball, M.D.; Powers, A.M.; Onyango, C; et al. Seroprevalence of Chikungunya virus infection on Grande Comore Island, union of the Comoros, 2005. Am. J.Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 6, 1189-93.
Brito, C.A.; Cordeiro, M.T. One year after the Zika virus outbreak in Brazil: from hypotheses to evidence. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016, 5, 537–43, doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0328-2016.
Plourde, A.R.; Bloch, E.M. A Literature Review of Zika Virus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016, 7, 1185-92, doi: 10.3201/eid2207.151990.
Coffey, L.L.; Forrester, N.; Tsetsarkin, K.; Vasilakis, N.; Weaver. S.C. Factors shaping the adaptive landscape for arboviruses: implications for the emergence of disease. Future Microbiol. 2013, 2, 155-76, doi:10.2217/fmb.12.139.
Teixeira, M.G.; Andrade, A.M.S.; Costa, M.C.N.; Castro, J.M.; Oliveira, F.L.; Goes, C.S.; Maia, M.; Santana, E.B.; Nunes, B.T.; Vasconcelos, P.F. East/Central/ South African genotype Chikungunya virus, Brazil, 2014. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 5, 906-7, doi: 10.3201/eid2105.141727.
Campos, G.S.; Bandeira, A.C.; Sardi, S.I. Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015, 10, 1885-6, doi: 10.3201/eid2110.150847.
Freire, C.C.M.; Lamarino, A.; Lima, N.D.F.; Sall, A.A.; Zanotto, P.M.A. Spread of the pandemic Zika virus lineage is associated with NS1 codon usage adaptation in humans. BioRxiv. 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/032839.
Muñoz, M.; Navarro, J.C. Virus Mayaro: un arbovirus reemergente en Venezuela y Latinoamérica. Biomed. 2012, 32, 288–302, doi.org/10.7705/biomedica.v32i2.647
Acosta-Ampudia, Y.; Monsalve, D.M.; Rodríguez, Y.; Pacheco, Y.; Anaya, J.M.; Ramírez-Santana, C. Mayaro: an emerging viral threat?. Emerg. Microb. Infect. 2018, 1, 163, doi: 10.1038/s41426-018-0163-5.
Hoch, A.L.; Peterson, N.E.; Leduc, J.W.; Pinheiro, F.P. An outbreak of Mayaro virus disease in Belterra, Brazil. III. Entomological and ecological studies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1981, 30, 689–698, doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1981.30.67.
Figueiredo, L.T. Emergent arboviruses in Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2007, 40, 224–229, doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822007000200016.
Batista, P.M.; Andreotti, R.; Almeida, P.S.; Marques, A.C.; Rodrigues, S.G.; Chiang, J.O.; Vasconcelos, P. F. da C. Detection of arboviruses of public health interest in free-living New World primates (Sapajus spp.; Alouatta caraya) captured in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2013, 6, 684-690, doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0181-2013.
Lednicky, J.; Rochars, V.; Elbadry, M.; Loeb, J.; Telisma, T.; Chavannes, S.; Gina, A.; Eleonora, C.; Massinno, C.; Bernard, O; et al. Mayaro Virus in Child with Acute Febrile Illness, Haiti, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016, 11, 2000-2002, doi.org/10.3201/eid2211.161015.
Napoleão-Pego, P.; Gomes, L.P.; Provance-Jr, D.W.; Simone, S.G. Mayaro Virus Disease. J. Hum. Virol. Retrovirol. 2014, 3:0018, doi: 10.15406/jhvrv.2014.01.00018.
Patel. P.; El Wahed, A.; Faye, O.; Prüger. P.; Kaiser, M.; Thaloengsok, S.; Sukathida, U.; Sakuntabha, A.; Leparc-Goffart, I.; Hufert, F.T; et al. A Field-Deployable Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay for Rapid Detection of the Chikungunya Virus. PLoS. Negl.Trop. Dis. 2016, 10, e0004953, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004953.
Xu, Q.; Liu, H.; Yuan, P.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Q.; Jiang, X.; Zhou, Y. Development of a simplified RT-PCR without RNA isolation for rapid detection of RNA viruses in a single small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus Fallén). Virol. J. 2017, 1, 90. doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0732-6.
Roehring JT, Hombach J, Barrett ADT. Guidelines for plaque-reduction neutralization testing of human antibodies to dengue viruses. Viral. Immunol. 2008, 21, 123-32, doi: 10.1089/vim.2008.0007.
Lima-Camara, T.N. Emerging arboviruses and public health challenges in Brazil. Rev, Saude. Publica, 2016, 50, 36, doi.org/10.1590/S1518-8787.2016050006791.
Sambrook, J.; Fritsch, E.F.; Maniatis, T. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, C.S.H. Laboratory, 2nd edition, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA, 1989.
Sanger, F.; Nickelen, S.; Coulson, A.R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1977, 74, 5463-5467, doi:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463.
Altschul, S.F.; Madden, T.L.; Schäffer, A.A.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Miller, W.; Lipman, D.J. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic. Acids. Res. 1997, 25, 3389-3402.doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389.
Tamura, K.; Stecher, G.; Peterson, D.; Filipski, A.; Kumar, S. MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2013, 30, 2725–2729, doi: 10.1093/molbev/mst197.
IBM Corp. Released 2017. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Fox, J.; Bouchet-Valat, M. Rcmdr: R Commander. R package version. 2.5-1. 2018
Terzian, A.C.B.; Zini, N.; Sacchetto, L.; Rocha, R.F.; Parra, M.C.P.; Del Sarto, J.L.; Dias, A.C.F.; Coutinho, F.; Rayra, J.; Silva, R. A, et al. Evidence of natural Zika virus infection in neotropical non-human primates in Brazil, 2018, Scientific. Reports, 8, 16034.
Changal, K.H.; Raina, A.H.; Raina, A.; Raina, M.; Bashir, R.; Latief, M.; Mir, T. Changal, Q. H. Differentiating secondary from primary dengue using IgG to IgM ratio in early dengue: an observational hospital based clinic-serological study from North India. BMC. Infect. Dis, 2016, 1, 715.
Leon, F.; Meyer, A.; Reynier, R.; Blanc, E.; Bruyère-Ostells, L.; Brès, J.C.; Simonin, Y.; Salinas, S.; Gallian, P., et al. An Innovative Multiplexed And Flexible Molecular Approach For The Differential Detection Of Arboviruses, J. Mol. Diagn. 2018, 1, 81-88.
Jacobsen, S.; Patel, P.; Schmidt-Chanasit, J.; Leparc-Goffart, I.; Teichmann, A.; Zeller, H.; Niedrig, M. External quality assessment studies for laboratory performance of molecular and serological diagnosis of Chikungunya virus infection. J. Clin. Virol. 2016, 76, 55-65, doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.008.
Ramírez, A.L.; van den Hurk, A.F.; Meyer, D.B.; Ritchie, S.A. Searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack: advances in mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance. Parasit. Vectors. 2018, 1, 320, doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2901-x.
Fortuna, C.; Remoli, M.E.; Rizzo, C.; Benedetti, E.; Fiorentini, C.; Bella, A.; Argentini, C.; Farchi, F.; Castilletti, C.; Capobianchi, M.R. Arbovirus Working Group, Venturi G. Imported arboviral infections in Italy, July 2014-October 2015: a National Reference Laboratory report. BMC. Infect. Dis. 2017, 1, 216, doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2320-1.
Matheus, S.; Boukhari, R.; Labeau, B.; Ernault, V.; Bremand, L.; Kazanji, M.; Rousset, D. Specificity of Dengue NS1 Antigen in Differential Diagnosis of Dengue and Zika Virus Infection. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2016, 9, 1691-3, doi: 10.3201/eid2209.160725.
Schuffenecker, I.; Iteman, I.; Michault, A.; Murri, S.; Frangeul, L.; Vaney, M.C.; Lavenir, R.; Pardigon, N.; Reynes, J.M.; Pettinelli, F; et al. Genome microevolution of chikungunya viruses causing the Indian Ocean outbreak. PLoS. Med. 2006, 7:e263, doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030263.
Vazeille, M.; Moutailler, S.; Coudrier, D.; Rousseaux, C.; Khun, H.; Huerre, M.; Thiria, J.; Dehecq, J.S.; Fontenille, D.; Schuffenecker, I. Two chikungunya isolates from the outbreak of la Reunion (Indian Ocean) exhibit different patterns of infection in the mosquito, Aedes albopictus. PLoS One. 2007, 2, e1168. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001168.
Tsetsarkin, K.A.; Vanlandingham, D.L.; McGee, CE.; Higgs, S. A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog. 2007, 3:e201, doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030201
Wahid, B.; Ali, A.; Rafique, S.; Idrees, M. Global expansion of chikungunya virus: mapping the 64-year history. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 58, 69-76.doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.03.006.
Costa-da-Silva, A.L.; Ioshino, R.S.; Petersen, V.; Lima, A.F.; Cunha, M.P.; Wiley, M.R.; Ladner, J.T.; Prieto, K.; Palacios, G.; Costa, D.D; et al. First report of naturally infected Aedes aegypti with chikungunya virus genotype ECSA in the Americas. PLoS. Negl. Trop. Dis. 2017, 11:6:e0005630.
Koo, C.; Tien, W.P.; Xu, H.; Ong, J.; Rajarethinam, J.; Lai, Y.L.; Lee-Ching, N.G.; Hapuarachchi, H.C. Highly Selective Transmission Success of Dengue Virus Type 1 Lineages in a Dynamic Virus Population: An Evolutionary and Fitness Perspective. iScience. 2018, 6, 38-51, doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.07.008.
de Alwis, R.; Williams, K.L.; Schmid, M.A.; Lai, C.Y.; Patel, B.; Smith, S.A.; Crowe, J.E.; Wang, W.K.; Harris, E.; de Silva, A.M. Dengue viruses are enhanced by distinct populations of serotype cross-reactive antibodies in human immune sera. PLoS Pathog. 2014, 10:e1004386. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004386.
Sánchez-Carbonel, J.; Tantaléan-Yépez, D.; Aguilar-Luis, M.A.; Silva-Caso, W.; Weilg, P.; Vásquez-Achaya, F.; Costa, L.; Martins-Luna, J.; Sandoval, I.; Del Valle-Mendoza, J. Identification of infection by Chikungunya, Zika, and Dengue in an area of the Peruvian coast. Molecular diagnosis and clinical characteristics. BMC Res Notes. 2018, 1, 175. doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3290-0.
Long, K.C.; Ziegler, S.A.; Thangamani, S.; Hausser, N.L.; Kochel, T.J.; Higgs, S.; Tesh, R.B Experimental transmission of Mayaro virus by Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011, 85, 750–757. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0359.
Zuchi, N.; Heinen, L.B.; Santos, M.A.; Pereira, F.C.; Slhessarenko, R.D. Molecular detection of Mayaro virus during a dengue outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso, Central-West Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014, 6, 820-823. doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276140108.
Rastogi, M.; Sharma, N.; Singh, S.K. Flavivirus NS1: a multifaceted enigmatic viral protein. Virol J. 2016, 13, 131. doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0590-7.
Chunpeng, Y. C.; Gong, R.; De Val, N. Development of Neutralizing Antibodies against Zika Virus Based on Its Envelope Protein Structure. Virolog Sin. 2019, 34, 168. doi: 10.1007/s12250-019-00093-5.
Lanciotti, R.S.; Calisher, C.H.; Gubler, D.J.; Chang, G.J.; Vorndam, A.V. Rapid detection and typing of dengue viruses from clinical samples by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol. 1992, 33, 545, PMID: 1372617.
Esposito, D.L.A.; Fonseca, B.A.L.D. Sensitivity and detection of chikungunya viral genetic material using several PCR-based approaches. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2017, 50, 4. doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0403-2016
Dong, D.; Fu, S.H.; Wang, L.H.; Zi, LV.; Li, T.Y.; Liang, G.D. Simultaneous detection of three arboviruses using a triplex RT-PCR: enzyme hybridization assay. Virol Sin. 2012, 3, 179-86, doi: 10.1007/s12250-012-3246-9.
Anker, M.; Arima, Y. Male-female differences in the number of reported incident dengue fever cases in six Asian countries. Western Pac Surveill Response J. 2011, 2, 17-23, doi: 10.5365/WPSAR.2011.2.1.002
Mishra, S.; Ramanathan, R.; Agarwalla, S.K. Clinical profile of dengue fever in children: a study from southern Odisha, India. Scientifica. 2016, 2016, 6391594.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6391594.
Wangdi, K.; Clements, A.C.A.; DU, T.; Nery, S.V. Spatial and temporal patterns of dengue infections in Timor-Leste, 2005–2013. Parasi Vectors. 2018, 1:9, doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2588-4.
Kalayanarooj, S.; Rimal, H.S.; Andjaparidze, A.; Vatcharasaevee, V.; Nisalak, A.; Jarman, R.G; et al. Clinical intervention and molecular characteristics of a dengue hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Timor Leste, 2005. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007, 3, 534-7. PMID.17827374.
