Use of insects as an alternative protein source in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) feeding
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv9n4-014Palavras-chave:
aquaculture, insect meal, Hermetia illucens, fish nutrition, feedResumo
The use of alternative protein sources in fish diets has gained increasing attention due to the need to reduce costs and dependence on conventional ingredients in aquaculture. In this context, insects have considerable nutritional potential as feed ingredients, particularly the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens. However, information regarding the effects of these ingredients in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) diets remains limited and scattered across different studies. Therefore, this study aimed to review the available evidence on the use of insect-based ingredients as alternative protein sources in tambaqui diets, with emphasis on inclusion levels, zootechnical performance, nutrient digestibility, and nutrient utilization. This was a bibliographic study based on scientific publications retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, and the CAPES Journal Portal, with no restriction on publication period. The studies predominantly evaluated H. illucens in the form of full-fat meal, defatted meal, whole larvae, and fermented meal. The results indicated that different inclusion levels can maintain tambaqui zootechnical performance, particularly defatted meal, which did not impair performance at inclusion levels of up to 30%, and full-fat meal, for which the estimated optimal inclusion level was 11.60%. High protein and lipid digestibility coefficients were also observed. In conclusion, ingredients derived from H. illucens show potential as alternative protein sources in tambaqui diets, although their use depends on the inclusion level and processing method.
Referências
ARAÚJO, J. G.; NEBO, C.; PÁDUA, D. M. C.; SOUTO, C. N.; GUIMARÃES, I. G. Apparent digestibility of minerals from several ingredients for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum, juveniles. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, v. 49, n. 6, p. 1026–1038, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12517.
BALDISSEROTTO, B.; GOMES, L. C. (org.). Espécies nativas para piscicultura no Brasil. 2. ed. Santa Maria: Editora UFSM, 2013. 606 p.
BARROSO, F. G.; DE HARO, C.; SÁNCHEZ-MUROS, M. J.; VENEGAS, E.; MARTÍNEZ-SÁNCHEZ, A.; PÉREZ-BAÑÓN, C. The potential of various insect species for use as food for fish. Aquaculture, v. 422–423, p. 193–201, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.024.
BIASATO, I.; CHEMELLO, G.; BELLEZZA ODDON, S.; FERROCINO, I.; CORVAGLIA, M. R.; CAIMI, C.; RESCONI, A.; PAUL, A. Hermetia illucens meal inclusion in low-fishmeal diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, selected gut health traits, and health status indices. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 290, 115341, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115341.
BORTOLINI, S.; MACAVEI, L. I.; SAADOUN, J. H.; FOCA, G.; ULRICI, A.; BERNINI, F.; MALFERRARI, D.; SETTI, L.; RONGA, D.; MAISTRELLO, L. Hermetia illucens (L.) larvae as chicken manure management tool for circular economy. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 262, 121289, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121289.
BOULOS, S.; TÄNNLER, A.; NYSTRÖM, L. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for edible insects on the Swiss market: T. molitor, A. domesticus, and L. migratoria. Frontiers in Nutrition, v. 7, art. 89, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00089.
BRUNI, L.; BELGHIT, I.; LOCK, E.-J.; SECCI, G.; TAITI, C.; PARISI, G. Total replacement of dietary fish meal with black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae does not impair physical, chemical or volatile composition of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 100, n. 3, p. 1038–1047, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10108.
CAIMI, C.; GASCO, L.; BIASATO, I.; MALFATTO, V.; VARELLO, K.; PREARO, M.; PASTORINO, P.; BONA, M. C.; FRANCESE, D. R.; SCHIAVONE, A.; ELIA, A. C.; DÖRR, A. J. M.; GAI, F. Could dietary black soldier fly meal inclusion affect the liver and intestinal histological traits and the oxidative stress biomarkers of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) juveniles? Animals, v. 10, n. 1, 155, 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ani10010155.
CAVERO, B. A. S.; RUBIM, M. A. L.; PEREIRA, T. M. Criação comercial do tambaqui Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818). In: TAVARES-DIAS, M. (org.). Manejo e sanidade de peixes em cultivo. Macapá: Embrapa Amapá, 2009. p. 33–46.
DANTAS, F. de M.; SOUZA, Y. M. de; SANTANA, T. M.; SANTOS, D. K. M. dos; FONSECA, F. A. L. da; GONÇALVES, L. U. A sustainable diet for tambaqui farming in the Amazon: growth performance, hematological parameters, whole-body composition and fillet color. Animals, Basel, v. 14, n. 8, e1165, 2024. DOI: 10.3390/ani14081165.
DEVIC, E.; LESCHEN, W.; MURRAY, F.; LITTLE, D. C. Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of advanced nursing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed diets containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal. Aquaculture Nutrition, v. 24, p. 416–423, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/anu.12573.
DIETZ, C.; LIEBERT, F. Does graded substitution of soy protein concentrate by an insect meal respond on growth and N-utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)? Aquaculture Reports, v. 12, p. 43–48, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.aqrep.2018.09.001.
DUMAS, A.; RAGGI, T.; BARKHOUSE, J.; LEWIS, E.; BUREAU, D. P. The oil fraction and partially defatted meal of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) affect differently growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient deposition, blood glucose and lipid digestibility of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, v. 492, p. 24–34, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.038.
FAO – FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024: blue transformation in action. Rome: FAO, 2024. DOI: 10.4060/cd0683en.
FONTES, T. V.; OLIVEIRA, K. R. B. de; ALMEIDA, I. L. G.; ORLANDO, T. M.; RODRIGUES, P. B.; COSTA, D. V. da; ROSA, P. V. e. Digestibility of insect meals for Nile tilapia fingerlings. Animals, v. 9, n. 4, 181, 2019. DOI: 10.3390/ani9040181.
GAMARANO, P. G. Farinhas de inseto como fonte proteica em dietas para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). 2022. Dissertação (Mestrado em Zootecnia) – Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 2022.
HASAN, I.; GAI, F.; CIRRINCIONE, S.; RIMOLDI, S.; SAROGLIA, G.; TEROVA, G. Chitinase and insect meal in aquaculture nutrition: a comprehensive overview of the latest achievements. Fishes, v. 8, n. 12, 607, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/fishes8120607.
HARDY, R. W.; KAUSHIK, S. J.; MAI, K.; BAI, S. C. Fish nutrition—history and perspectives. In: HARDY, R. W.; KAUSHIK, S. J. (ed.). Fish nutrition. 4. ed. Cambridge: Academic Press, 2022. p. 1–16. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819587-1.00006-9.
HENRY, M.; GASCO, L.; PICCOLO, G.; FOUNTOULAKI, E. Review on the use of insects in the diet of farmed fish: past and future. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 203, p. 1–22, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.001.
HILSDORF, A. W. S.; HALLERMAN, E.; VALLADÃO, G. M. R.; ZAMINHAN-HASSEMER, M.; HASHIMOTO, D. T.; DAIRIKI. The farming and husbandry of Colossoma macropomum: from Amazonian waters to sustainable production. Reviews in Aquaculture, v. 14, n. 2, p. 993–1027, 2022. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12638.
HOWE, E. R.; SIMENSTAD, C. A.; TOFT, J. D.; CORDELL, J. R.; BOLLENS, S. M. Macroinvertebrate prey availability and fish diet selectivity in relation to environmental variables in natural and restoring North San Francisco Bay tidal marsh channels. San Francisco Estuary and Watershed Science, v. 12, n. 1, 2014. DOI: 10.15447/sfews.2014v12iss1art5.
HUA, K.-X. A meta-analysis of the effects of replacing fish meals with insect meals on growth performance of fish. Aquaculture, v. 530, 735732, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735732.
IKEDA, M.; KAKIZAKI, H.; MATSUMIYA, M. Biochemistry of fish stomach chitinase. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, v. 104, pt. B, p. 1672–1681, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.118.
JANSSEN, R. H.; VINCKEN, J.-P.; VAN DEN BROEK, L. A. M.; FOGLIANO, V.; LAKEMOND, C. M. M. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors for three edible insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v. 65, n. 11, p. 2275–2278, 2017. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00471.
KARAPANAGIOTIDIS, I. T.; NEOFYTOU, M. C.; ASIMAKI, A.; DASKALOPOULOU, E.; PSOFAKIS, P.; MENTE, E.; RUMBOS, C. I.; ATHANASSIOU, C. G. Fishmeal replacement by full-fat and defatted Hermetia illucens prepupae meal in the diet of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Sustainability, v. 15, n. 1, 786, 2023.
KROECKEL, S.; HARJES, A.-G. E.; ROTH, I.; KATZ, H.; WUERTZ, S.; SUSENBETH, A.; SCHULZ, C. When a turbot catches a fly: evaluation of a pre-pupae meal of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as fish meal substitute—growth performance and chitin degradation in juvenile turbot (Psetta maxima). Aquaculture, v. 364, p. 345–352, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.041.
LI, S.; JI, H.; ZHANG, B.; TIAN, J.; ZHOU, J.; YU, H. Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in diets for juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian): growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, digestive enzyme activities, intestine and hepatopancreas histological structure. Aquaculture, v. 477, p. 62–70, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.04.015.
LIMA, C. A. S.; BUSSONS, M. R. F. M.; OLIVEIRA, A. T. de; ARIDE, P. H. R.; O’SULLIVAN, F. L. de A.; PANTOJA-LIMA, J. Socioeconomic and profitability analysis of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum fish farming in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Aquaculture Economics & Management, v. 24, n. 4, p. 406–421, 2020. DOI: 10.1080/13657305.2020.1765895.
LINDBERG, L.; ERMOLAEV, E.; VINNERÅS, B.; LALANDER, C. Process efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in black soldier fly larvae composting of fruit and vegetable waste with and without pre-treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 338, 130552, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130552.
LOCK, E.-J.; BIANCAROSA, I.; GASCO, L. Insects as raw materials in compound feed for aquaculture. In: HALLORAN, A.; FLORE, R.; VANTOMME, P.; ROOS, N. (ed.). Edible insects in sustainable food systems. Cham: Springer, 2018. p. 263–276. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74011-9_16.
MAKKAR, H. P. S.; TRAN, G.; HEUZÉ, V.; ANKERS, P. State-of-the-art on use of insects as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 197, p. 1–33, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.008.
MAGALHÃES, R.; SÁNCHEZ-LÓPEZ, A.; LEAL, R. S.; MARTÍNEZ-LLORENS, S.; OLIVA-TELES, A.; PERES, H. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) pre-pupae meal as a fish meal replacement in diets for European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture, v. 476, p. 79–85, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.04.021.
MEDEIROS, P. A. de; SANTOS, R. B. dos; DANTAS, F. de M.; SANTOS, D. K. M. dos; FREITAS, T. M. de; GONÇALVES, L. U.; AFFONSO, E. G. Aquaculture feeds produced with Amazon by-products in accordance with organic certification standards: effect on growth and health of Colossoma macropomum. Acta Amazonica, Manaus, v. 55, e55af24418, 2025. DOI: 10.1590/1809-4392202404182.
MENEGUZ, M.; SCHIAVONE, A.; GAI, F.; DAMA, A.; LUSSIANA, C.; RENNA, M.; GASCO, L. Effect of rearing substrate on growth performance, waste reduction efficiency and chemical composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 98, n. 15, p. 5776–5784, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9127.
MIKOŁAJCZAK, Z.; RAWSKI, M.; MAZURKIEWICZ, J.; KIEROŃCZYK, B. The first insight into black soldier fly meal in brown trout nutrition as an environmentally sustainable fish meal replacement. Animal, v. 16, n. 5, 100516, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100516.
MOREY, G. M.; ARELLANO, H. S.; CHU, L. A. R.; BARDALES, J. V.; ISERN, E. R.; REÁTEGUI, J. Uso de larvas da mosca-soldado-negro (Hermetia illucens) para a alimentação de Colossoma macropomum em gaiolas flutuantes na Amazônia Peruana. Ciência Animal Brasileira / Brazilian Animal Science, Goiânia, v. 27, 2026. DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v27e-81644E.
MUIN, H.; TAUFEK, N. M.; KAMARUDIN, M. S.; RAZAK, S. A. Growth performance, feed utilization and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), fed with different levels of black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), maggot meal diet. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, v. 16, n. 2, p. 567–577, 2017.
NOGALES-MÉRIDA, S.; GOBBI, P.; JÓZEFIAK, D.; MAZURKIEWICZ, J.; DUDEK, K.; RAWSKI, M.; KIEROŃCZYK, B.; JÓZEFIAK, A. Insect meals in fish nutrition. Reviews in Aquaculture, v. 11, n. 4, p. 1080–1103, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12281.
ORDOÑEZ, B. M.; SANTANA, T. M.; CARNEIRO, D. P.; SANTOS, D. K. M. dos; PARRA, G. A. P.; MORENO, L. C. C.; TEIXEIRA FILHO, N. P.; AGUILAR, F. A. A.; YAMAMOTO, F. Y.; GONÇALVES, L. U. Whole black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as dietary replacement of extruded feed for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. Aquaculture Journal, v. 2, n. 4, p. 246–256, 2022. DOI: 10.3390/aquacj2040014.
PARODI, A.; GERRITS, W. J. J.; VAN LOON, J. J. A.; DE BOER, I. J. M.; AARNINK, A. J. A.; VAN ZANTEN, H. H. E. Black soldier fly reared on pig manure: bioconversion efficiencies, nutrients in the residual material, greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions. Waste Management, v. 126, p. 674–683, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.001.
PICCOLO, G.; IACONISI, V.; MARONO, S.; GASCO, L.; LOPONTE, R.; NIZZA, S.; BOVERA, F.; PARISI, G. Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, in vivo nutrients digestibility, somatic and marketable indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 226, p. 19–29, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.007.
PREMALATHA, M.; ABBASI, T.; ABBASI, T.; ABBASI, S. A. Energy-efficient food production to reduce global warming and ecodegradation: the use of edible insects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, v. 15, n. 9, p. 4357–4360, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.115.
QUANG TRAN, H.; VAN DOAN, H.; STEJSKAL, V. Environmental consequences of using insect meal as an ingredient in aquafeeds: a systematic view. Reviews in Aquaculture, v. 14, n. 1, p. 237–251, 2022. DOI: 10.1111/raq.12595.
QUIRINO, E. F. S.; RODRIGUES, C. S.; MOTA, G. F.; BARREIROS, D. C.; SILVA, V. B.; BARBOSA, E. N. R. Análise da qualidade física em rações para aquicultura de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), comercializadas no município de Barreiras, Bahia. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, v. 7, n. 4, e75548, 2024. DOI: 10.34188/bjaerv7n4-113.
RENNA, M.; SCHIAVONE, A.; GAI, F.; DABBOU, S.; LUSSIANA, C.; MALFATTO, V. Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, v. 8, 57, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0191-3.
RUMPOLD, B. A.; SCHLÜTER, O. K. Nutritional composition and safety aspects of edible insects. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, v. 57, n. 5, p. 802–823, 2013. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200735.
SANTOS, D. K. M. dos; FREITAS, O. R. de; OISHI, C. A.; FONSECA, F. A. L. da; PARISI, G.; GONÇALVES, L. U. Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal in diet for tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum: digestibility, growth performance and economic analysis of feeds. Animals, Basel, v. 13, n. 3, e360, 2023. DOI: 10.3390/ani13030360.
SANTOS, D. K. M. dos; SANTANA, T. M.; DANTAS, F. de M.; FARIAS, A. B. de S.; EPIFÂNIO, C. M. F.; PRESTES, A. G.; FONSECA, F. A. L. da; PARISI, G.; VIEGAS, E. M. M.; GONÇALVES, L. U. Defatted black soldier fly larvae meal as a dietary ingredient for tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): digestibility, growth performance, haematological parameters, and carcass composition. Aquaculture Research, v. 53, n. 18, p. 6762–6770, 2022. DOI: 10.1111/are.16143.
SERRA, V.; PASTORELLI, G.; TEDESCO, D. E. A.; TURIN, L.; GUERRINI, A. Alternative protein sources in aquafeed: current scenario and future perspectives. Veterinary and Animal Science, v. 25, e100381, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100381.
SIDDAIAH, G. M.; KUMAR, R.; KUMARI, R.; CHANDAN, N. K.; DEBBARMA, J.; DAMLE, D. K.; DAS, A.; GIRI, S. S. Dietary fishmeal replacement with Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly, BSF) larvae meal affected production performance, whole body composition, antioxidant status, and health of snakehead (Channa striata) juveniles. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 297, 115597, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115597.
SPRANGHERS, T.; OTTOBONI, M.; KLOOTWIJK, C.; OVYN, A.; DEBOOSERE, S.; DE MEULENAER, B.; MICHIELS, J.; EECKHOUT, M.; DE CLERCQ, P.; DE SMET, S. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, v. 97, n. 8, p. 2594–2600, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8081.
STEJSKAL, V.; TRAN, H. Q.; PROKEŠOVÁ, M.; ZARE, M.; GEBAUER, T.; POLICAR, T.; CAIMI, C.; GAI, F.; GASCO, L. Defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) diets: effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality, economic and environmental sustainability. Animal Nutrition, v. 12, p. 7–19, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.022.
VAN HUIS, A. Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annual Review of Entomology, v. 58, p. 563–583, 2013. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153704.
WANG, G.; PENG, K.; HU, J.; YI, C.; CHEN, X.; WU, H.; HUANG, Y. Evaluation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as an alternative protein ingredient for juvenile Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus) diets. Aquaculture, v. 507, p. 144–154, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.04.023.
WANG, Y.-S.; SHELOMI, M. Review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as animal feed and human food. Foods, v. 6, n. 10, p. 91, 2017. DOI: 10.3390/foods6100091.
WANTIKA, N.; BUDIANA; SURYANI, E.; RUBI'AH, L.; DZATALINI, N.; RUSDIATIN; NILA, Y. T.; SANTANUMURTI, M. B. Substitution of fermented maggot (Hermetia illucens) flour on commercial feed towards protein retention and energy retention in tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) meat. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, v. 441, n. 1, e012051, 2020. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012051.
WHITLEY, S. N.; BOLLENS, S. M. Fish assemblages across a vegetation gradient in a restoring tidal freshwater wetland: diets and potential for resource competition. Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 97, p. 659–674, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s10641-013-0168-9.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
- O conteúdo dos artigos é de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores.
- É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial do conteúdo dos artigos, desde que citada a fonte.
- Artigos com plágio serão recusados, e o autor do plágio perderá o direito de publicar nesta revista.
- Os nomes e endereços informados nesta revista serão utilizados exclusivamente para os serviços prestados por esta publicação e não estão disponíveis para outros fins ou a terceiros.
- Depois de enviar os artigos, os autores cedem os direitos autorais de seus artigos ao BJAER. Se você se arrepender da submissão, o autor tem o direito de solicitar ao BJAER que não publique seu artigo. Porém, essa solicitação deve ocorrer até dois meses antes da divulgação do número que o artigo será publicado.
- O BJAER usa a licença Creative Commons CC BY. Informações sobre esta licença podem ser encontradas em: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/br/
Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research (BJAER) se reserva o direito de efetuar nos originais alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores. Os trabalhos finais não serão enviadas aos autores.
