Pharmacokinetics and PK/PD integration of sodium ampicillin following intramuscular administration at different sites (in two different muscles) in llamas (Lama glama)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv9n3-063Palavras-chave:
ampicillin, antibiotics, llamas, pharmacokinetics, rational useResumo
The pharmacokinetics of a conventional sodium formulation of ampicillin following intramuscular (i.m.) administration in 2-sites was investigated in adult llamas. The study was performed using a 3-period, 3-sequence, 3-treatment, randomized crossover design. Six llamas received an i.v. 10 mg/kg dose of ampicillin sodium and an i.m. 20 mg/kg dose of ampicillin sodium into the back (lumbar Longissimus muscle) and into the buttock (Semitendinosus muscle). Ampicillin plasma concentrations were determined using a microbiological assay. For PK/PD integration, MIC of seventy seven Eschericia coli and sixty three coagulase positive staphylococci isolated from llamas was determined by broth macrodilution method. Significant statistically differences were found in elimination rate constant (1.11 ± 0.28 h-1 versus 0.62 ± 0.27 h-1), mean elimination half-life (0.66 ± 0.14 h versus 1.24 ± 0.38 h) and mean residence time (0.88 ± 0.09 h versus 1.38 ± 0.31 h) after the buttock and back administration, respectively. Bioavailability was high for both buttock (1.04 ± 0.35) and back (1.54 ± 0.92) sites of administration. The results of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index of time above the minimal inhibitory concentrations (T > MIC) show significant statistical differences between sites of administration, suggesting that 20 mg/kg sodium ampicillin would produce a good therapeutic outcome in infections due to coagulase positive staphylococci when administered in the buttock every 11 h and in the back every 20 h. Higher doses or more frequent intervals may be needed for treating Escherichia coli with i.m. ampicillin in llamas.
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