Óleo de linhaça, no pós-desmame, promove melhor perfil lipídico e maior massa do tecido adiposo marrom

Autores

  • Aline D’Avila Pereira
  • Danielle Cavalcante Ribeiro
  • Letícia Monteiro da Fonseca Cardoso
  • Gabrielle Gracio Ribeiro Moraes
  • Carolina Ribeiro Pessanha
  • Carlos Alberto Soares da Costa
  • Luis Guillermo Coca Velarde
  • Gilson Teles Boaventura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv9n2-084

Palavras-chave:

óleo de linhaça, ratos, osso, adiposidade, ácidos graxos ômega-3

Resumo

Introdução: O óleo de linhaça (OL) é fonte de ácido α-linolênico (ALA), importante para os estágios de crescimento e desenvolvimento corporal; além disso, atua no tecido adiposo. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de uma dieta contendo OL, ofertada em diferentes fases da vida sobre a adiposidade de ratos machos jovens. Métodos: Após o nascimento, os filhotes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (C, n=18) e grupo OL (OL, n=18), cuja mães foram alimentadas com dieta contendo óleo de soja e OL, respectivamente. Aos 21 dias de vida, houve o desmame e uma nova divisão aconteceu: dos 18 C, 9 continuaram recebendo C e os outros 9 passaram a receber OL; dos 18 OL, 9 continuaram recebendo OL e os outros 9 passaram a receber C. A massa e comprimento corporal e ingestão alimentar foram analisadas de 3 em 3 dias, sendo apresentadas na forma de médias. Quando os animais completaram 53 dias, foram anestesiados para a realização da absorciometria com dupla emissão de raio X (DXA), em que foi analisado a massa magra (g), massa gorda (g) e percentual de gordura (%) total e da coluna vertebral. Aos 67 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados por punção cardíaca e no sangue coletado foi analisado o colesterol (mg/dL), triglicerídeos (mg/dl), high density lipoprotein – HDL (mg/dl), low density lipoprotein – LDL (mg/dl) e very high density lipoprotein – VLDL (mg/dl). O tecido adiposo epididimário, mesentérico, retroperitoneal, inguinal, marrom (TAM) foram dissecados e analisados quanto à massa absoluta (g) e relativa (g/100g). Foi utilizado o teste ANOVA de dois fatores (dieta e fase da vida), sendo o nível de significância de 0,05. Resultado: O consumo de OL, pós-desmame, promoveu maior HDL (p-valor=0,0001; C: 23,12±4,11; OL: 29,56±4,78) e massa absoluta (p-valor=0,020; C: 0,58±0,11; OL: 0,66±0,11) e relativa (P=0,013; C: 0,17±0,03; OL: 0,20±0,03) do TAM e menor colesterol (p-valor =0,005; C: 56,18±11,50; OL: 45,50±9,45) e LDL (p-valor =0,002; C:23,00±10,30; OL: 9,47±8,19). Além disso, houve menor massa de tecido adiposo inguinal (p-valor=0,045; C: 3,44±0,97; OL: 2,76±1,07) e maior massa absoluta (p-valor=0,003; C:0,57±0,12; OL: 0,67±0,09) e relativa (p-valor=0,0002; C: 0,16±0,03; OL: 0,20±0,02) do TAM nos animais cujas mães consumiram OL durante a lactação. Não houve diferença nas outras análises.  Conclusão: O estudo demonstra, então, que o OL apresenta efeitos no perfil lipídico e na massa do TAM, podendo ajudar na prevenção de doenças crônicas.

Referências

Abreu MDC, Pessoa LR, Costa LR, Chagas MA, Costa CAS, Boaventura GT. Flaxseed flour diet during lactation until 180 days results in an increase in body adiposity in adult male rats. J Func Foods. 2017; 39:245-249.

Aguirre L, Napoli N, Waters D, Qualls C, Villareal DT, Armamento-Villareal. Increasing adiposity is associated with higher adipokine levels and lower bone mineral density in obese older adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014; 99:3290-3297.

Akpolat M, Kanter M, Topcu-Tarladacalisir Y, Aydogdu N. Protective effect of flaxseed oil on renal injury in hyperlipidaemic rats: the effect of flaxseed oil on hyperlipidaemia. Phytother Res. 2010; 25:796-802.

Andreas NJ, Kampmann B, Le-Doare KM. Human breast milk: A review on its composition and bioactivity. Early Hum Dev. 2015; 91:629-35.

Baams L, Dubas JS, Overbeek G, van Aken MAG. Transitions in body and behavior: A meta-analytic study on the relationship between pubertal development and adolescent sexual behavior. J Adolescent Health. 2015; 56: 586-598.

Block T, El-Osta A. Epigenetic programming, early life nutrition and the risk of metabolic disease. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 266:31-40.

Boström P, Wu J, Jedrychowski MP, Korde A, Ye L, Lo JC, et al. A PGC1α-dependent myokine that drives browning of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature. 2012; 481:463-468.

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Guia alimentar para crianças menores de dois anos. 2019.

Brasil. Ministério da saúde. Vigilância de Doenças Crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). 2018.

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico – VIGITEL. 2020. Disponível em: < https://www.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2020/April/27/vigitel-brasil-2019-vigilancia -fatores-risco.pdf>. Acesso em: 15 ago 2020.

Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS). Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM): óbitos por causas no Brasil, 2023. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2023. Disponível em: < https://datasus.saude.gov.br/>. Acesso em: 15 ago 2020.

Buckley JD, Howe P. Anti-obesity effects of long-chain omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Obes Rev. 2009; 10: 648-59.

Buckley JD, Howe PR. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may be beneficial for reducing obesity – a review. Nutrients. 2010; 2:1212-30.

Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Ver. 2004; 84:277-359.

Cardozo LFMF, Chagas MA, Soares LL, Troina AA, Boaventura GT. Exposure to flaxseed during lactation does not alter prostate area or epithelium height but changes lipid profile in rats. Nutri Hosp. 2010; 25:250-255.

Cassani RSL, Fassini PG, Silvah JH, Lima CMM, Marchini JS. Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study. Nutr J. 2015; 14:1-8.

Cassola P. Importância do Tecido Adiposo Marrom na ativação da Termogênese induzida pela injeção central do C75, um inibidor do ácido graxo sintase. 2012. 121f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências da Fisiologia) - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2012.

Chañi EMM, Pacheco SOS, Martínez GA, Freitas MR Ivona JG7, Ivona JA, et al. Long-Term Dietary Intake of Chia Seed Is Associated with Increased Bone Mineral Content and Improved Hepatic and Intestinal Morphology in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nutrients. 2018;10.

Choi SH, Choi-Kwon S. The effects of the DASH diet education program with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on metabolic syndrome parameters in elderly women with abdominal obesity. Nutr Res Pract. 2015; 9:150-157.

Costa CA, Silva PC, Ribeiro DC, Pereira AD, Santos AD, Maia LD, et al. Body adiposity and bone parameters of male rats from mothers fed diet containing flaxseed flour during lactation. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2015; 7:1-6.

Costa CA, Silva PC, Ribeiro DC, Pereira AD, Santos AS, Abreu MD, et al. Effects of diet containing flaxseed flour (Linum usitatissimum) on body adiposity and bone health in young male rats. Food Funct. 2016; 7:698-703.

Daleprane JB, Batista A, Pacheco JT, Silva AFE, Costa CA, Resende AC, et al. Dietary flaxseed supplementation improves endothelial function in the mesenteric arterial bed. Food Res Int. 2010;43(8):2052-6.

Dangat KD, Anvita AK, Sadhana RJ. Maternal supplementation of omega 3 fatty acids to micronutrient-imbalanced diet improves lactation in rat. J Metabol. 2011; 60:318-324.

Demicheva E, Crispi F. Long- term follow- up of intrauterine growth restriction: cardiovascular disorders. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2014;36(2): 143-53.

Enerbäck S. The origins of brown adipose tissue. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:2021-2023

Farquharson C, Staines K. The skeleton: no bones about it. J Endocrinol. 2011; 211:107-108.

Favara G, Maugeri A, Barchitta M, Lanza E, Magnano San Lio R, Agodi A. Maternal lifestyle factors affecting breast milk composition and infant health: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2025;17:62-76.

Feldmann HM, Golozoubova V, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 ablation induces obesity and abolishes diet-induced thermogenesis in mice exempt from thermal stress by living at thermoneutrality. Cell Metab. 2009; 9:203-209.

Fernandes FS, Souza AS, Carmo M, Boaventura GT. Maternal intake of flaxseed-based diet (Linum usitatissimum) on hippocampus fatty acid profile: implications for growth, locomotor activity and spatial memory. Nutrition. 2011; 27:1040-7.

Fisberg M, Gioia N, Maximino P. Transgenerational transmission of eating habits. J Pediatr. 2024;100:82-87.

Fishbeck KL, Rasmussen KM. Effect of repeated cycles on maternal nutritional status, lactational performance and litter growth in ad libitum-fed and chronically food-restricted rats. J Nutr. 1987; 117:1967-1975.

Friedewald WT, Levi RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoproteins cholesterol in plasma without use of the ultracentrifuge. Clin. Chem. 1972; 18:499-502.

Gesta S, Tseng YH, Kahn CR. Developmental origin of fat: tracking obesity to its source. Cell. 2007; 131:242-256.

Glickman SG, Marn CS, Supiano MA, Dengel DR. Validity and reliability of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of abdominal adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004; 97:509-514.

Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol. 2014; 51:1633-1653.

Green KH, Wong SCF, Weiler HA. The effect of dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on femur mineral density and biomarkers of bone metabolism in healthy diabetic and dietary-restricted growing rats. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004; 71:121-130.

Innis SM. Essential fatty acids transfer and fetal development. Placenta. 2005; 26:S70-S75.

Innis SM. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological development of infants1–3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 99:734S-41S.

Jensen SM, Ritz C, Ejlerskov KT, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Infant BMI peak, breastfeeding, and body composition at age 3 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014; 101:319-25.

Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Tecido adiposo. In: Junqueira LC, Carneiro J. Histologia Básica. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2013b. p. 125-129.

Jung SM, Sanchez-Gurmaches J, Guertin DA. Brown adipose tissue development and metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2019;251:3-36.

Korotkova M, Ohlsson C, Hanson LA, Strandvik B. Dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio in the perinatal period affects bone parameters in adult female rats. Br J Nutr. 2004; 92:643-648.

Kruger MC, Coetzee M, Haag M, Weiler H. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Selected mechanisms of action on bone. Progr Lipid Res. 2010; 49:438-449.

Langley-Evans SC. Nutrition in early life and the programming of adult disease: a review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015; 28:1-14.

Lukaski HC, Hall CB, Marchello MJ, Siders WA. Validation of dual x-ray absorptiometry for body-composition assessment of rats exposed to dietary stressors. Nutrition. 2001; 17:607-613.

Mohammadi-Sartang M, Ghorbani M, Mazloom Z. Effects of melatonin supplementation on blood lipid concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr. 2018; 37:1943-54.

Mooradian AD, Haas MJ, Wehmeier KR, Wong NC. Obesity-related changes in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Obesity. 2008; 16:1152-1160.

Pacheco JT, Daleprame B, Boaventura GT. Impact of dietary flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation on biomechanical profile in healthy rats. Nutr Hosp. 2011; 26:798-802.

Pereira AD, Ribeiro DC, Santana FC, Souza SA, Mancini-Filho J, Nascimento-Saba CC, Velarde LG, et al. Maternal flaxseed oil during lactation enhances bone development in male rat pups. Lipids. 2016; 51:923-92.

Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Update on the management of severe hypertriglyceridemia - focus on free fatty acid forms of omega-3. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2015; 9:2129-2137.

Reeves PG, Nielsen FH, Fahey GCF. AIN-93 purified diet of laboratory rodents: final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc Writing Committee on the Reformulation of the AIN-76A rodents diet. J Nutr. 1993; 123:1939-1951.

Ribeiro DC, Silva PCA, Pereira AD, Boueri BFC, Pessanha CR, Abreu MDC, et al. Assessments of body composition and bone parameters of lactating rats treated with diet containing flaxseed meal (Linum usitatissinum) during post-weaning period. Nutr Hosp. 2014; 30:366-371.

Richardson CE, Hennebelle M, Otoki Y, Zamora D, Yang J, Hammock BD, et al. Lipidomic Analysis of Oxidized Fatty Acids in Plant and Algae Oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2017; 65:1941-1951.

Riediger ND, Othman R, Fitz E, Pierce GN, Suh M, Moghadasian MH. Low n-6: n-3 fatty acid ratio, with fish- or flaxseed oil, in a high fat diet improves plasma lipids and beneficially alters tissue fatty acid composition in mice. Eur J Nutr. 2008; 47:153-160.

Sengupta P. The laboratory rat: relating its age with human’s. Int J Prev Med. 2013; 4:624-30.

Shrestha N, Sono SL, Holland OJ, Vidimce J, Bulmer AC, Cuffe JSM, et al. Maternal diet high in linoleic acid alters offspring lipids and hepatic regulators of lipid metabolism in an adolescent rat model. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(2):1129.

Spielgeman BM. Regulation of adipogenesis: toward new therapeutics for metabolic disease. Diabetes. 2013; 62:1774-1782.

Tablet F, Rye KA. High-density lipoprotein, inflammation and oxidative stress. Clin Sci.

; 116:87-98.

Tres LL, Kierszenbaum AL. Histologia e biologia celular – uma introdução à patologia. 3rd ed, Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2012. p. 720.

Troina AA, Figueiredo MS, Moura EG, Boaventura GT, Soares LL, Cardozo LF, et al. Maternal flaxseed diet during lactation alters milk composition and programs the offspring body composition, lipid profile and sexual function. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48:697-703.

Tsujio M, Mizorogi T, Kitamura I, Maeda Y, Nishijima K, Kuwahara S, et al. Bone mineral analysis through dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in laboratory animals. J Vet Med Sci. 2009; 7:1493-1497.

Valenzuela BR, Tapia GO, González ME, Valenzuela AB. Ácidos grasos omega-3 (epa y dha) y su aplicación en diversas situaciones clínicas. Rev Chil Nutr. 2011; 38:356-367.

Van Gaal LF, Mertens IL, Block CE. Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature. 2006; 444:875-880.

Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, et al. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Engl J Med. 2009; 360:1500-1508.

Zhu Z, Cao F, Li X. Epigenetic programming and fetal metabolic programming. Front Endocrinol. 2019;10:764.

Wu J, Boström P, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell. 2012; 150:366-376

Downloads

Publicado

2026-05-03

Como Citar

Pereira , A. D., Ribeiro, D. C., Cardoso, L. M. da F., Moraes, G. G. R., Pessanha, C. R., Costa, C. A. S. da, Velarde, L. G. C., & Boaventura, G. T. (2026). Óleo de linhaça, no pós-desmame, promove melhor perfil lipídico e maior massa do tecido adiposo marrom. Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, 9(2), e86905. https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv9n2-084

Edição

Seção

Artigos originais