Malaria diagnosis in the brazilian amazon: innovations, challenges, and lessons for global low-resource settings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv9n1-028Palavras-chave:
Brazilian Amazon, malaria, Plasmodium, low-resource settings, diagnosticsResumo
Malaria is a common deadly disease caused by parasitic protozoans belonging to the Plasmodium genus. Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi are well-known species of the genus that cause malaria in humans. Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax can infect humans, with P. falciparum causing severe malaria. Brazil ranks second as the country with the most reported cases of malaria in the Americas. The Amazon region in Brazil contributes 99 – 99.5% of malaria cases in the country. The increasingly high malaria incidence in the Amazon region has been ascribed to socioeconomic factors, including poor sanitary conditions. Diagnosis is a critical issue for malaria elimination. Accurate diagnosis is pivotal for the effective control and management of malaria while preventing the wrong anti-malarial drug use. In many endemic regions, diagnosis of malaria is commonly performed using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT), microscopy, and molecular detection such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of DNA. In this review paper, the history of malaria control efforts in Brazil and its Amazon region is reviewed. Also, it discusses the different diagnostic approaches for malaria, punctuating their attendant challenges. Furthermore, the paper delves into the current advances made in the different malaria diagnostic methods and highlights key lessons for global low-resource settings.
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