Los plásticos: Un material que deja huellas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv8n3-138Palavras-chave:
desechos plásticos, reciclaje, contaminación, medio ambiente, termoplástico, microplástico, biodegradableResumo
Los plásticos son materiales sintéticos que han revolucionado nuestra vida cotidiana; su versatilidad, durabilidad y bajo costo los han convertido en materiales indispensables y omnipresentes en diversas áreas y actividades humanas. Por ejemplo, encontramos plástico en envases de alimentos, equipos electrónicos, ropa, utensilios de cocina, vehículos, y en muchos objetos más. Los plásticos son fabricados a partir de derivados del petróleo, su gran demanda ha causado una enorme tasa de producción y, por consiguiente, enormes cantidades de plástico posconsumo se han arrojados al medio ambiente de manera irresponsable generando graves problemas ecológicos y de salud pública. No todos los plásticos pueden ser reciclados, por ejemplo, las botellas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) o de polietileno (PE) son más fáciles de reciclar que materiales a base de cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) y el poliestireno expandido (PS). El reciclaje de plásticos puede ser mecánico (trituración y fundición), químico (descomposición en componentes) o energético (combustión para generar energía), además existe el reciclaje orgánico que aprovecha los plásticos biodegradables para generar agua, CO, O2 y biomasa, sin embargo, su biodegradación depende de condiciones específicas del entorno. Una consecuencia de la presencia de plásticos de desecho en el medio ambiente son los microplásticos, los cuales son pequeñas partículas plásticas que contaminan suelos, aguas y alimentos, afectando la salud del medio ambiente y al ser humano. El ciclo de vida de los plásticos incluye su producción industrial hasta su disposición final bajo la forma de plástico reciclado, incineración o como contaminante ambiental. Los desechos plásticos contribuyen a la contaminación, al cambio climático, al agotamiento de recursos no renovables y a la pérdida de biodiversidad en el planeta. Para mitigar los problemas asociados a los plásticos, es necesario reducir su consumo, reutilizar los productos plásticos y mejorar las tasas de reciclaje, además, se deben continuar los desarrollos de plásticos biodegradables y compostables. En conclusión, los plásticos son un material con múltiples aplicaciones, pero con un alto costo ambiental cuando los mismo son mal gestionados al final de su vida útil, por lo tanto, es fundamental adoptar medidas para reducir su producción, consumo y desecho, y promover prácticas más sostenibles que nos lleven hacia una verdadera economía circular de estos importantes materiales.
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