PCR en tiempo real (qPCR): una herramienta útil en el control del virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) / Real-time PCR (qPCR): a useful tool in the control of bovine leukosis virus (BLV)

Autores

  • Marla Eliana Ladera Gómez
  • Pamela Anahí Lendez
  • María Victoria Nieto Farias
  • María Carolina Ceriani
  • Guillermina Laura Dolcini

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv5n1-072

Palavras-chave:

BLV, qPCR, carga proviral, citoquinas, control.

Resumo

El virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) es el agente etiológico de la leucosis enzoótica bovina (LEB), la enfermedad neoplásica más común del ganado bovino, caracterizada por presentar una expansión policlonal benigna de linfocitos B circulantes en sangre periférica durante los primeros años post-infección que puede progresar a un estado tumoral causando la muerte del animal, o mantenerse este estado pre-leucémico durante toda la vida del animal, generando una función inmunológica anormal. BLV infecta al ganado en todo el mundo, generando un impacto económico importante en la industria del ganado lechero. Desde principios de los `90, haciendo uso de técnicas hematológicas, se han clasificado los animales infectados con BLV en linfocitóticos (LP) o asintomáticos. Sin embargo, a partir de técnicas moleculares como la PCR, en las últimas décadas se han clasificado los animales infectados según su carga proviral, permitiendo distinguir dos grupos bien definidos donde todos los animales LP presentan alta carga proviral (ACPV), mientras que los animales asintomáticos pueden presentar ACPV o baja carga proviral (BCPV). Actualmente, diferentes variantes de PCR en tiempo real (qPCR) se han utilizado para determinar la carga proviral (cuantificación absoluta), así como también realizar estudios de expresión de genes involucrados en la respuesta inmune (cuantificación relativa) en los animales infectados. Haciendo uso de estas herramientas, hemos construido un perfil inmunológico de los animales de BCPV, a los que denominamos “controladores”, ya que logran controlar la infección a nivel sistémico y de glándula mamaria, siendo menos eficientes para transmitir el virus, y cuyas células presentan un estado pro-apoptótico y anti-proliferativo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la determinación de la carga proviral del BLV por qPCR es una herramienta útil para monitorear la propagación de la infección, a ser utilizada como una medida de control eficiente y factible, reemplazando a los animales infectados que desarrollan ACPV por animales “controladores”.

Referências

Abdala, A., Alvarez, I., Brossel, H., Calvinho, L., Carignano, H., Franco, L., Gazon, H., Gillissen, C., Hamaidia, M., Hoyos, C., Jacques, J. R., Joris, T., Laval, F., Petersen, M., Porquet, F., Porta, N., Ruiz, V., Safari, R., Suárez Archilla, G., Trono, K., & Willems, L. (2019). BLV: lessons on vaccine development. Retrovirology, 16(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-019-0488-8

do Amaral, B. C., Connor, E. E., Tao, S., Hayen, J., Bubolz, J., & Dahl, G. E. (2010). Heat stress abatement during the dry period influences prolactin signaling in lymphocytes. Domestic animal endocrinology, 38(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.07.005

Andoh, K., Nishimori, A., Sakumoto, R., Hayashi, K. G., & Hatama, S. (2020). The chemokines CCL2 and CXCL10 produced by bovine endometrial epithelial cells induce migration of bovine B lymphocytes, contributing to transuterine transmission of BLV infection. Veterinary microbiology, 242, 108598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108598

Bartlett, P. C., Sordillo, L. M., Byrem, T. M., Norby, B., Grooms, D. L., Swenson, C. L., Zalucha, J., & Erskine, R. J. (2014). Options for the control of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 244(8), 914–922. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.244.8.914

Barrios, C., Rensetti, D., Revelli, G., Ceriani, C., Trabattoni, E., Esteban, E. N., & Juliarena, M. A. (2012). En 2012, al norte del paralelo 34º S, el virus de la leucosis bovina infectaría más del 99% de los tambos con endemias en rodeos de carne. Reunión Científica Anual de la Sociedad Argentina de Virología - Asociación Argentina de Microbiología.

Benitez, O. J., Roberts, J. N., Norby, B., Bartlett, P. C., Takeshima, S. N., Watanuki, S., Aida, Y., & Grooms, D. L. (2019). Breeding bulls as a potential source of bovine leukemia virus transmission in beef herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 254(11), 1335–1340. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.254.11.1335

Bojarojć-Nosowicz, B., & Kaczmarczyk, E. (2006). Somatic cell count and chemical composition of milk in naturally BLV-infected cows with different phenotypes of blood leukocyte acid phosphatase. Archiv fur Tierzucht, 49:17–28.

Brechtbuehl, K., Whalley, S. A., Dusheiko, G. M., & Saunders, N. A. (2001). A rapid real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for hepatitis B virus. Journal of virological methods, 93(1-2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00260-9

de Brogniez, A., Mast, J., & Willems, L. (2016). Determinants of the Bovine Leukemia Virus Envelope Glycoproteins Involved in Infectivity, Replication and Pathogenesis. Viruses, 8(4), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8040088

Bustin S. A. (2000). Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of molecular endocrinology, 25(2), 169–193. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0250169

Bustin, S. A., Benes, V., Garson, J. A., Hellemans, J., Huggett, J., Kubista, M., Mueller, R., Nolan, T., Pfaffl, M. W., Shipley, G. L., Vandesompele, J., & Wittwer, C. T. (2009). The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical chemistry, 55(4), 611–622. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797

Cabal-Hierro, L., & Lazo, P. S. (2012). Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor receptors. Cellular signalling, 24(6), 1297–1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.006

Caroprese, M., Albenzio, M., Bruno, A., Annicchiarico, G., Marino, R., & Sevi, A. (2012). Effects of shade and flaxseed supplementation on the welfare of lactating ewes under high ambient temperatures. Small Rumin. Res. 102, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.07.010

Castellano, A. & Goizueta, M. (2014). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Valor agregado Institucional: Captación de valor económico de innovaciones tecnológicas. Asociación Argentina de Economía Agraria. https://inta.gob.ar/documentos/201cvalor-agregado-institucional-captacion-de-valor-economico-de-innovaciones-tecnologicas201d

Chamizo Pestana E. G. (2005). Leucosis Bovina Enzoótica: Revisión. REDVET. Rev. Electrónica Vet. VI, 1–25. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=63612652016

Chethanond. (1999). Tesis Doctoral. The epidemiology of enzootic bovine leukosis in dairy cattle in New Zealand. [The epidemiology of enzootic bovine leukosis in dairy cattle in New Zealand].

Debacq, C., Asquith, B., Reichert, M., Burny, A., Kettmann, R., & Willems, L. (2003). Reduced cell turnover in bovine leukemia virus-infected, persistently lymphocytotic cattle. Journal of virology, 77(24), 13073–13083. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.24.13073-13083.2003

Della Libera, A. M., de Souza, F. N., Batista, C. F., Santos, B. P., de Azevedo, L. F., Sanchez, E. M., Diniz, S. A., Silva, M. X., Haddad, J. P., & Blagitz, M. G. (2015). Effects of bovine leukemia virus infection on milk neutrophil function and the milk lymphocyte profile. Veterinary research, 46(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-014-0125-4

EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). (2007). Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL). EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority, 15(8), 4956. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4956

Elenkov, I. J., Chrousos, G. P., & Wilder, R. L. (2000). Neuroendocrine regulation of IL-12 and TNF-alpha/IL-10 balance. Clinical implications. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 917, 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05374.x

Erskine, R. J., Bartlett, P. C., Byrem, T. M., Render, C. L., Febvay, C., & Houseman, J. T. (2012). Association between bovine leukemia virus, production, and population age in Michigan dairy herds. Journal of dairy science, 95(2), 727–734. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4760

Erskine, R. J., Corl, C. M., Gandy, J. C., & Sordillo, L. M. (2011). Effect of infection with bovine leukosis virus on lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis in dairy cattle. American journal of veterinary research, 72(8), 1059–1064. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.72.8.1059

Farias, M., Lendez, P. A., Marin, M., Quintana, S., Martínez-Cuesta, L., Ceriani, M. C., & Dolcini, G. L. (2016). Toll-like receptors, IFN-γ and IL-12 expression in bovine leukemia virus-infected animals with low or high proviral load. Research in veterinary science, 107, 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.016

del Fava, C., Basílio, M. de L. F., de Donato, T. M., Ribeiro, C. P., Okuda, L. H., de Stefano, E., & Pituco, E. M. (2010). Ocorrência de ovinos (Ovis aries) soropositivos ao vírus da leucemia bovina no brasil. Brazilian J. Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 47, 483–487. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26811

Florins, A., Gillet, N., Asquith, B., Boxus, M., Burteau, C., Twizere, J. C., Urbain, P., Vandermeers, F., Debacq, C., Sanchez-Alcaraz, M. T., Schwartz-Cornil, I., Kerkhofs, P., Jean, G., Théwis, A., Hay, J., Mortreux, F., Wattel, E., Reichert, M., Burny, A., Kettmann, R., & Willems, L. (2007). Cell dynamics and immune response to BLV infection: a unifying model. Frontiers in bioscience: a journal and virtual library, 12, 1520–1531. https://doi.org/10.2741/2165

Frie, M. C., & Coussens, P. M. (2015). Bovine leukemia virus: a major silent threat to proper immune responses in cattle. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 163(3-4), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.11.014

Frie, M. C., Sporer, K. R., Wallace, J. C., Maes, R. K., Sordillo, L. M., Bartlett, P. C., & Coussens, P. M. (2016). Reduced humoral immunity and atypical cell-mediated immunity in response to vaccination in cows naturally infected with bovine leukemia virus. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 182, 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.013

Gatti Assandri, M. (2008). Leucosis Bovina: Enfermedad de gran importancia y limitante para la exportación de ganado en pie. Artículo Nº67, disponible en Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal-Producción bovina de leche-Sanidad, intoxicaciones, enfermedades metabólicas-Enfermedades infecciosas de los bovinos en general. https://www.producción-animal.com.ar/

Gillet, N., Florins, A., Boxus, M., Burteau, C., Nigro, A., Vandermeers, F., Balon, H., Bouzar, A. B., Defoiche, J., Burny, A., Reichert, M., Kettmann, R., & Willems, L. (2007). Mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by bovine leukemia virus: prospects for novel anti-retroviral therapies in human. Retrovirology, 4, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4690-4-18

Gillet, N. A., & Willems, L. (2016). Whole genome sequencing of 51 breast cancers reveals that tumors are devoid of bovine leukemia virus DNA. Retrovirology, 13(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-016-0308-3

Gutiérrez, G., Alvarez, I., Merlini, R., Rondelli, F., & Trono, K. (2014). Dynamics of perinatal bovine leukemia virus infection. BMC veterinary research, 10, 82. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-10-82

Gutiérrez, G., Carignano, H., Alvarez, I., Martínez, C., Porta, N., Politzki, R., Gammella, M., Lomonaco, M., Fondevila, N., Poli, M., & Trono, K. (2012). Bovine leukemia virus p24 antibodies reflect blood proviral load. BMC veterinary research, 8, 187. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-8-187

Hopkins, S. G., & DiGiacomo, R. F. (1997). Natural transmission of bovine leukemia virus in dairy and beef cattle. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 13(1), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30367-4

Igakura, T., Stinchcombe, J. C., Goon, P. K., Taylor, G. P., Weber, J. N., Griffiths, G. M., Tanaka, Y., Osame, M., & Bangham, C. R. (2003). Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton. Science (New York, N.Y.), 299(5613), 1713–1716. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1080115

Jaworski, J. P., Porta, N. G., Gutiérrez, G., Politzki, R. P., Álvarez, I., Galarza, R., Abdala, A., Calvinho, L., & Trono, K. G. (2016). Short communication: Relationship between the level of bovine leukemia virus antibody and provirus in blood and milk of cows from a naturally infected herd. Journal of dairy science, 99(7), 5629–5634. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10813

Johnston, E. R., Powers, M. A., Kidd, L. C., & Radke, K. (1996). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from sheep infected with a variant of bovine leukemia virus synthesize envelope glycoproteins but fail to induce syncytia in culture. Journal of virology, 70(9), 6296–6303. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.70.9.6296-6303.1996

Juliarena, M. A., Gutiérrez, S. E., & Ceriani, C. (2007). Determination of proviral load in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with and without lymphocytosis. American journal of veterinary research, 68(11), 1220–1225. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.68.11.1220

Kettmann, R., Deschamps, J., Cleuter, Y., Couez, D., Burny, A., & Marbaix, G. (1982). Leukemogenesis by bovine leukemia virus: proviral DNA integration and lack of RNA expression of viral long terminal repeat and 3' proximate cellular sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79(8), 2465–2469. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.8.2465

Kettmann, R., Marbaix, G., Cleuter, Y., Portetelle, D., Mammerickx, M., & Burny, A. (1980). Genomic integration of bovine leukemia provirus and lack of viral RNA expression in the target cells of cattle with different responses to BLV infection. Leukemia research, 4(6), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2126(80)90062-4

Kobayashi, T., Inagaki, Y., Ohnuki, N., Sato, R., Murakami, S., & Imakawa, K. (2019). Increasing Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral load is a risk factor for progression of Enzootic bovine leucosis: A prospective study in Japan. Preventive veterinary medicine, S0167-5877(18)30795-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.009

Kono, Y., Sentsui, H., Arai, K., Ishida, H., & Irishio, W. (1983). Contact transmission of bovine leukemia virus under insect-free conditions. Nihon juigaku zasshi. The Japanese journal of veterinary science, 45(6), 799–802. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.45.799

Kuczewski, A., Orsel, K., Barkema, H. W., Mason, S., Erskine, R., & van der Meer, F. (2021). Invited review: Bovine leukemia virus-Transmission, control, and eradication. Journal of dairy science, 104(6), 6358–6375. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18925

Lendez, PA. (2020). Tesis Doctoral. Estudio de parámetros inmunológicos y moleculares asociados al desarrollo de alta o baja carga proviral en animales infectados con el virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV).

Lendez, P. A., Martínez-Cuesta, L., Nieto Farias, M. V., Dolcini, G. L., & Ceriani, M. C. (2021). Cytokine TNF-α and its receptors TNFRI and TNFRII play a key role in the in vitro proliferative response of BLV infected animals. Veterinary research communications, 45(4), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-021-09825-z

Lohr, C. E., Sporer, K., Brigham, K. A., Pavliscak, L. A., Mason, M. M., Borgman, A., Ruggiero, V. J., Taxis, T. M., Bartlett, P. C., & Droscha, C. J. (2022). Phenotypic Selection of Dairy Cattle Infected with Bovine Leukemia Virus Demonstrates Immunogenetic Resilience through NGS-Based Genotyping of BoLA MHC Class II Genes. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 11(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11010104

MacLachlan, N. J., & Dubovi, E. J. (2011). Fenner’s Veterinary Virology. Vol. Fourth Edition.

Marcovecchio, S., Lützelschwab, C., Ceriani, C., Juliarena, M., Esteban, E., & Gutiérrez, S. (2006). Influencia de factores hematológicos y virológicos maternos en la transmisión prenatal del virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV). XXXIV Jornadas Uruguayas de Buitría, C.M.V.de Paysandú, ed. (Paysandú, Uruguay), pp. 184–186.

Martínez Cuesta, L., Nieto Farias, M. V., Lendez, P. A., Barone, L., Pérez, S. E., Dolcini, G. L., & Ceriani, M. C. (2018). Stable infection of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Virus research, 256, 11–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.013

Masuda, T., Kuroda, M. J., & Harada, S. (1998). Specific and independent recognition of U3 and U5 att sites by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase in vivo. Journal of virology, 72(10), 8396–8402. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.10.8396-8402.1998

Meas, S., Seto, J., Sugimoto, C., Bakhsh, M., Riaz, M., Sato, T., Naeem, K., Ohashi, K., & Onuma, M. (2000). Infection of bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in water buffalo and cattle populations in Pakistan. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 62(3), 329–331. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.62.329

Mekata, H., Yamamoto, M., Hayashi, T., Kirino, Y., Sekiguchi, S., Konnai, S., Horii, Y., & Norimine, J. (2018). Cattle with a low bovine leukemia virus proviral load are rarely an infectious source. Jpn. J. Vet. Res, 66, 157–163. https://doi.org/10.14943/jjvr.66.3.157

Miyasaka, T., Oguma, K., & Sentsui, H. (2015). Distribution and characteristics of bovine leukemia virus integration sites in the host genome at three different clinical stages of infection. Archives of virology, 160(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-014-2224-y

Molnár, E., Molnár, L., Guedes, V. T., & de Lima, E. S. (2000). Naturally occurring bovine leukosis virus in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in Brazil. The Veterinary record, 146(24), 705–706. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.146.24.705

Monti, G.E. (2005). Epidemiology, infection dynamics and effective control of Bovine Leukemia virus within dairy herds of Argentina: a quantitative approach. Epidemiol. Infect., 135, 228–237. http://doi:10.1017/S0950268806006637

Motton, D. D., & Buehring, G. C. (2003). Bovine leukemia virus alters growth properties and casein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells. Journal of dairy science, 86(9), 2826–2838. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73880-6

Murakami, H., Yamada, T., Suzuki, M., Nakahara, Y., Suzuki, K., & Sentsui, H. (2011). Bovine leukemia virus integration site selection in cattle that develop leukemia. Virus research, 156(1-2), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.01.004

Nekoei, S., Hafshejani, T. T., Doosti, A., & Khamesipour, F. (2015). Molecular detection of bovine leukemia virus in peripheral blood of Iranian cattle, camel and sheep. Polish journal of veterinary sciences, 18(4), 703–707. https://doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2015-0091

Nieto Farias, M. V., Souza, F. N., Lendez, P. A., Martínez-Cuesta, L., Santos, K. R., Della Libera, A., Ceriani, M. C., & Dolcini, G. L. (2018). Lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis of lymphocyte subpopulations in bovine leukemia virus-infected dairy cows with high and low proviral load. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology, 206, 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.012

Norby, B., Bartlett, P. C., Byrem, T. M., & Erskine, R. J. (2016). Effect of infection with bovine leukemia virus on milk production in Michigan dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 99(3), 2043–2052. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10089

Park, H. G., Han, S. I., Oh, S. Y., & Kang, H. S. (2005). Cellular responses to mild heat stress. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS, 62(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-004-4208-7

Pfaffl, M. W. (2001). A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic acids research, 29(9), e45. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/29.9.e45

Pfaffl, M. W. (2004). Quantification strategies in real-time PCR. In: Bustin S.A. Chapter 3, In: A-Z of quantitative PCR. p. 87–112.

Polat, M., Takeshima, S. N., & Aida, Y. (2017). Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virology journal, 14(1), 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4

Puentes, R., De Brun, L., Algorta, A., Da Silva, V., Mansilla, F., Sacco, G., Llambí, S., & Capozzo, A. V. (2016). Evaluation of serological response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in BLV infected cows. BMC veterinary research, 12(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0749-x

Rhodes, J. K., Pelzer, K. D., & Johnson, Y. J. (2003). Economic implications of bovine leukemia virus infection in mid-Atlantic dairy herds. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 223(3), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2003.223.346

Rodríguez, S. M., Florins, A., Gillet, N., de Brogniez, A., Sánchez-Alcaraz, M. T., Boxus, M., Boulanger, F., Gutiérrez, G., Trono, K., Alvarez, I., Vagnoni, L., & Willems, L. (2011). Preventive and therapeutic strategies for bovine leukemia virus: lessons for HTLV. Viruses, 3(7), 1210–1248. https://doi.org/10.3390/v3071210

Ruggiero, V. J., Norby, B., Benitez, O. J., Hutchinson, H., Sporer, K., Droscha, C., Swenson, C. L., & Bartlett, P. C. (2019). Controlling bovine leukemia virus in dairy herds by identifying and removing cows with the highest proviral load and lymphocyte counts. Journal of dairy science, 102(10), 9165–9175. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-16186

Rupp, R., Hernandez, A., & Mallard, B. A. (2007). Association of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3.2 with immune response, mastitis, and production and type traits in Canadian Holsteins. Journal of dairy science, 90(2), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71589-8

Sajiki, Y., Konnai, S., Nishimori, A., Okagawa, T., Maekawa, N., Goto, S., Nagano, M., Kohara, J., Kitano, N., Takahashi, T., Tajima, M., Mekata, H., Horii, Y., Murata, S., & Ohashi, K. (2017). Intrauterine infection with bovine leukemia virus in pregnant dam with high viral load. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 79(12), 2036–2039. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.17-0391

Sandev, N., Koleva, M., Binev, R., & Ilieva, D. (2004). Influence of enzootic bovine leukosis virus upon the incidence of subclinical mastitis in cows at a different stage of infection. Veterinarski Arhiv; 74(6):411–6.

Schwartz, I., & Lévy, D. (1994). Pathobiology of bovine leukemia virus. Veterinary research, 25(6), 521–536.

Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria (SENASA), de la Sota, M. (2005). Manual de Procedimientos Leucosis bovina enzoótica. Dirección Nacional de Sanidad Animal. Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.senasa.gov.ar

Spanakis E. (1993). Problems related to the interpretation of autoradiographic data on gene expression using common constitutive transcripts as controls. Nucleic acids research, 21(16), 3809–3819. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.16.3809

Tajima, S., & Aida, Y. (2005). Induction of expression of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in blood taken from BLV-infected cows without removal of plasma. Microbes and infection, 7(11-12), 1211–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.04.010

Tajima, S., Ikawa, Y., & Aida, Y. (1998). Complete bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus is conserved in BLV-infected cattle throughout the course of B-cell lymphosarcoma development. Journal of virology, 72(9), 7569–7576. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.72.9.7569-7576.1998

Tamay de Dios L, Ibarra C, & Velasquillo C. (2013). Fundamentos de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y de la PCR en tiempo real. Investigación en Discapacidad. 2(2):70–8. https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=44427

Toma, B., Eloit, M., & Savey, M. (1990). Animal diseases caused by retroviruses: enzootic bovine leukosis, equine infectious anaemia and caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 9(4), 983–1119.

Trono K. (2011). Leucosis Bovina, una amenaza silenciosa. Artículo Nº171, disponible en Sitio Argentino de Producción Animal-Producción bovina de leche-Sanidad, intoxicaciones, enfermedades metabólicas-Enfermedades infecciosas de los bovinos en general. https://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/

Trono, K. G., Pérez-Filgueira, D. M., Duffy, S., Borca, M. V., & Carrillo, C. (2001). Seroprevalence of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle in Argentina: comparison of sensitivity and specificity of different detection methods. Veterinary microbiology, 83(3), 235–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00420-5

VanLeeuwen, J. A., Forsythe, L., Tiwari, A., & Chartier, R. (2005). Seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Saskatchewan. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 46(1), 56–58.

Vanleeuwen, J. A., Haddad, J. P., Dohoo, I. R., Keefe, G. P., Tiwari, A., & Tremblay, R. (2010). Associations between reproductive performance and seropositivity for bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral-diarrhea virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, and Neospora caninum in Canadian dairy cows. Preventive veterinary medicine, 94(1-2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.11.012

Vonèche, V., Callebaut, I., Kettmann, R., Brasseur, R., Burny, A., & Portetelle, D. (1992). The 19-27 amino acid segment of gp51 adopts an amphiphilic structure and plays a key role in the fusion events induced by bovine leukemia virus. The Journal of biological chemistry, 267(21), 15193–15197.

Watanabe, A., Murakami, H., Kakinuma, S., Murao, K., Ohmae, K., Isobe, N., Akamatsu, H., Seto, T., Hashimura, S., Konda, K., Shinozuka, Y., & Kawai, K. (2019). Association between bovine leukemia virus proviral load and severity of clinical mastitis. The Journal of veterinary medical science, 81(10), 1431–1437. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.19-0285

Watanuki, S., Takeshima, S. N., Borjigin, L., Sato, H., Bai, L., Murakami, H., Sato, R., Ishizaki, H., Matsumoto, Y., & Aida, Y. (2019). Visualizing bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-infected cells and measuring BLV proviral loads in the milk of BLV seropositive dams. Veterinary research, 50(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-019-0724-1

Wong, M. L., & Medrano, J. F. (2005). Real-time PCR for mRNA quantitation. BioTechniques, 39(1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.2144/05391RV01

World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). (2021). Enzootic Bovine Leukosis. In: World Organization for Animal Health. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals. 7th ed. Paris, France.

Yuan, Y., Kitamura-Muramatsu, Y., Saito, S., Ishizaki, H., Nakano, M., Haga, S., Matoba, K., Ohno, A., Murakami, H., Takeshima, S. N., & Aida, Y. (2015). Detection of the BLV provirus from nasal secretion and saliva samples using BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2: Comparison with blood samples from the same cattle. Virus research, 210, 248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.013

Downloads

Publicado

2022-03-04

Como Citar

Gómez, M. E. L., Lendez, P. A., Farias, M. V. N., Ceriani, M. C., & Dolcini, G. L. (2022). PCR en tiempo real (qPCR): una herramienta útil en el control del virus de la leucosis bovina (BLV) / Real-time PCR (qPCR): a useful tool in the control of bovine leukosis virus (BLV). Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research, 5(1), 963–984. https://doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv5n1-072

Edição

v. 5 n. 1 (2022)

Seção

Artigos originais

Licença

  • O conteúdo dos artigos é de responsabilidade exclusiva dos autores.
  •  É permitida a reprodução total ou parcial do conteúdo dos artigos, desde que citada a fonte.
  •  Artigos com plágio serão recusados, e o autor do plágio perderá o direito de publicar nesta revista.
  •  Os nomes e endereços informados nesta revista serão utilizados exclusivamente para os serviços prestados por esta publicação e não estão disponíveis para outros fins ou a terceiros.
  •  Depois de enviar os artigos, os autores cedem os direitos autorais de seus artigos ao BJAER. Se você se arrepender da submissão, o autor tem o direito de solicitar ao BJAER que não publique seu artigo. Porém, essa solicitação deve ocorrer até dois meses antes da divulgação do número que o artigo será publicado.
  •  O BJAER usa a licença Creative Commons CC BY. Informações sobre esta licença podem ser encontradas em: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/br/

 

 

Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research (BJAER) se reserva o direito de efetuar nos originais alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores. Os trabalhos finais não serão enviadas aos autores.