Artroplastia total de joelho assistida por robótica com alinhamento cinemático: relato de caso e revisão da literatura
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv9n1-024Keywords:
artroplastia de joelho, robótica, alinhamento cinemático, osteoartrite, medicina personalizadaAbstract
A osteoartrite de joelho é hoje uma das principais causas de incapacidade no mundo, enfrentando um "tsunami" demográfico com projeções de aumento na demanda cirúrgica de até 805% até 2050. Embora as taxas de sobrevida dos implantes sejam excelentes, persiste um paradoxo: cerca de 20% dos pacientes continuam insatisfeitos, o que justifica a transição para métodos mais precisos e personalizados. Objetiva-se analisar as inovações tecnológicas e as mudanças de paradigma na Artroplastia Total de Joelho (ATJ), contrastando o Alinhamento Mecânico (MA) com o Alinhamento Cinemático (KA) e o suporte da robótica. Para tanto, procede-se à revisão sistemática de evidências de alto nível e dados de registros nacionais entre 2015 e 2025, além da apresentação de um relato de caso de um paciente de 77 anos submetido à ATJ robótica (sistema Mako) com estratégia de alinhamento cinemático. Desse modo, observa-se que o uso da robótica reduz drasticamente os erros de posicionamento e falhas mecânicas em longo prazo, enquanto o alinhamento cinemático favorece uma recuperação mais rápida e maior sensação de "joelho natural" por respeitar a anatomia constitucional do indivíduo. O que permite concluir que a evolução da ATJ de uma técnica padronizada para uma ciência de precisão, que integra biologia de materiais e tecnologia robótica, é essencial para atingir o estado de "joelho esquecido" e garantir a sustentabilidade do sistema de saúde diante das novas demandas globais.
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