Abordagem multidisciplinar da obesidade: integração entre nutrição, exercício físico e farmacoterapia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv8n6-153Keywords:
déficit calórico, obesidade, estratégia combinada, reeducação alimentar, saúde metabólicaAbstract
A obesidade é uma doença crônica multifatorial, resultante da interação complexa entre fatores genéticos, metabólicos, comportamentais e ambientais. Seu desenvolvimento não pode ser atribuído a uma única causa, evidenciando a necessidade de compreender seus diversos determinantes para a implementação de intervenções eficazes. Como desafio crescente à saúde pública, a obesidade demanda estratégias integradas, que considerem a redução de peso, a melhoria do estado metabólico, a prevenção de comorbidades e a promoção de hábitos saudáveis sustentáveis. O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar e consolidar evidências científicas sobre o manejo da obesidade sob uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, integrando abordagens nutricionais, modalidades de exercício físico e estratégias farmacoterapêuticas. Esta revisão narrativa foi desenvolvida com busca realizada nas bases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus e Cochrane Library, abrangendo publicações de 2007 a 2025. A abordagem nutricional constitui o componente central do manejo da obesidade, promovendo reeducação alimentar e planos individualizados que equilibram déficit calórico e qualidade nutricional, favorecendo perda de peso saudável e melhoria do perfil metabólico. A prática regular de atividade física atua de forma sinérgica à intervenção nutricional, promovendo otimização da composição corporal, aumento da sensibilidade à insulina, melhora do perfil lipídico, função cardiovascular e redução de marcadores inflamatórios. A farmacoterapia complementa essas estratégias quando intervenções comportamentais isoladas não são eficazes. Fármacos antiobesidade, como agonistas de GLP-1 e os agonistas duplos de incretinas, favorecem o controle do apetite, déficit calórico e melhora do perfil metabólico, devendo ser utilizados preferencialmente em um contexto multiprofissional e com monitoramento contínuo. A integração dessas abordagens representa a estratégia mais adequada e sustentável para o manejo da obesidade, promovendo perda ponderal, melhora metabólica e prevenção das complicações clínicas decorrentes da condição.
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