Intoxicação aguda por metanol: um panorama atual das manifestações neurológicas, oculares e cardiovasculares
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv8n6-060Keywords:
metanol, intoxicação aguda, neuropatia óptica, manifestações neurológicas, complicações cardiovascularesAbstract
A intoxicação aguda por metanol permanece uma emergência médica e toxicológica de alta letalidade, frequentemente associada à ingestão acidental ou intencional de bebidas adulteradas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo revisar criticamente as manifestações neurológicas, oculares e cardiovasculares decorrentes da toxicidade do metanol, correlacionando achados clínicos, fisiopatológicos e de imagem. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, conduzida nas bases PubMed, Scielo, LILACS e Google Scholar, incluindo artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2025, com ênfase em relatos clínicos, estudos experimentais e revisões sistemáticas sobre metanol e suas complicações sistêmicas. Observou-se que as principais manifestações neurológicas incluem necrose putaminal bilateral, edema cerebral difuso e sequelas extrapiramidais, confirmadas por tomografia e ressonância magnética. As alterações oculares, como neurite óptica e atrofia do nervo óptico, são as mais incapacitantes e correlacionam-se com hipóxia mitocondrial e dano axonal irreversível. Complicações cardiovasculares, como espasmo coronariano e miocardite tóxica, foram descritas com elevada taxa de mortalidade. Novas tecnologias de detecção, baseadas em sensores químicos e inteligência artificial, podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce e na prevenção de surtos. Conclui-se que o reconhecimento rápido das manifestações multissistêmicas e o tratamento imediato com antídotos são essenciais para reduzir sequelas e óbitos relacionados à intoxicação por metanol.
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