Rastreio precoce no transtorno do espectro autista: uma revisão sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv8n2-041Keywords:
autismo, diagnóstico precoce, acuráciaAbstract
Introdução: O Transtorno do Espectro Autista possui como características centrais o prejuízo na sociocomunicação e a presença de comportamentos repetitivos e estereotipados. Atualmente, sua prevalência na infância é de 2,7%. Estudos indicam que as intervenções precoces têm efeito significativo quando realizadas até 4 anos. Objetivos: Revisar sistematicamente a produção científica acerca das escalas de rastreio do autismo desenvolvidas para crianças de até 36 meses, identificar os instrumentos e comparar suas acurácias, bem como organizá-los de acordo com seus níveis de rastreio, 1 (rastreio universal) e 2 (apoio ao diagnóstico). Método: Seguindo o protocolo PRISMA, dois juízes realizaram, de forma independente, a seleção dos artigos. Foram feitas buscas nas bases PubMed, BVS, Scielo, PsycINFO e Google Scholar, com filtro de período entre 2013 e 2022. Foram encontrados 815 artigos, dos quais 22 compuseram esta revisão. O estudo registrado no PROSPERO sob o número “CRD42022343562”. Resultados e conclusões: O Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised/Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F) apresentou-se como o instrumento mais acurado de nível 1, enquanto no nível 2 destacou-se o Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Toddler (ADOS-2-T). O Social Attention and Communication Surveillance - Revised (SACS-R) demonstrou os melhores indicadores entre as ferramentas que atuam em ambos os níveis. Ao contexto brasileiro, o M-CHAT-R/F é o único plenamente adaptado. As escalas que avaliam faixas específicas de idade e realizam entrevistas de seguimento por profissionais de maneira interativa, mostraram-se mais acuradas. Estes achados podem contribuir nas diretrizes de práticas clínicas e de pesquisa acerca do diagnóstico precoce de autismo.
References
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, text revision. APA; 2022.
Zwaigenbaum L, Bauman ML, Stone WL, Yirmiya N, Estes A, Hansen RL, McPartland JC, Natowicz MR, Choueiri R, Fein D, Kasari C, Pierce K, Buie T, Carter A, Davis PA, Granpeesheh D, Mailloux Z, Newschaffer C, Robins D, Roley SS, Wagner S, Wetherby A. Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Recommendations for Practice and Research. Pediatrics. 2015 Oct;136 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S10-40. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-3667C. PMID: 26430168; PMCID: PMC9923897.
Randall M, Egberts KJ, Samtani A, Scholten RJ, Hooft L, Livingstone N, Sterling-Levis K, Woolfenden S, Williams K. Diagnostic tests for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in preschool children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 24;7(7):CD009044. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009044.pub2. PMID: 30075057; PMCID: PMC6513463.
Ozonoff S, Young GS, Landa RJ, Brian J, Bryson S, Charman T, Chawarska K, Macari SL, Messinger D, Stone WL, Zwaigenbaum L, Iosif AM. Diagnostic stability in young children at risk for autism spectrum disorder: a baby siblings research consortium study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015 Sep;56(9):988-98. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12421. Epub 2015 Apr 29. PMID: 25921776; PMCID: PMC4532646.
Pierce K, Gazestani VH, Bacon E, Barnes CC, Cha D, Nalabolu S, Lopez L, Moore A, Pence-Stophaeros S, Courchesne E. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Stability of the Early Autism Spectrum Disorder Phenotype in the General Population Starting at 12 Months. JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jun 1;173(6):578-587. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.0624. Erratum in: JAMA Pediatr. 2019 Jun 24;: PMID: 31034004; PMCID: PMC6547081.
Wetherby AM, Guthrie W, Hooker JL, Delehanty A, Day TN, Woods J, Pierce K, Manwaring SS, Thurm A, Ozonoff S, Petkova E, Lord C. The Early Screening for Autism and Communication Disorders: Field-testing an autism-specific screening tool for children 12 to 36 months of age. Autism. 2021 Oct;25(7):2112-2123. doi: 10.1177/13623613211012526. Epub 2021 May 7. PMID: 33962531; PMCID: PMC8418999.
Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Bakian AV, Bilder DA, Durkin MS, Esler A, Furnier SM, Hallas L, Hall-Lande J, Hudson A, Hughes MM, Patrick M, Pierce K, Poynter JN, Salinas A, Shenouda J, Vehorn A, Warren Z, Constantino JN, DiRienzo M, Fitzgerald RT, Grzybowski A, Spivey MH, Pettygrove S, Zahorodny W, Ali A, Andrews JG, Baroud T, Gutierrez J, Hewitt A, Lee LC, Lopez M, Mancilla KC, McArthur D, Schwenk YD, Washington A, Williams S, Cogswell ME. Prevalence and Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years - Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2018. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2021 Dec 3;70(11):1-16. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.ss7011a1. PMID: 34855725; PMCID: PMC8639024.
Austin J, Manning-Courtney P, Johnson ML, Weber R, Johnson H, Murray D, Ratliff-Schaub K, Tadlock AM, Murray M. Improving Access to Care at Autism Treatment Centers: A System Analysis Approach. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137 Suppl 2:S149-57. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-2851M. PMID: 26908470.
Bradshaw J, Klin A, Evans L, Klaiman C, Saulnier C, McCracken C. Development of attention from birth to 5 months in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder. Dev Psychopathol. 2020 May;32(2):491-501. doi: 10.1017/S0954579419000233. PMID: 31012398; PMCID: PMC6812597.
Rogers SJ, Estes A, Lord C, Vismara L, Winter J, Fitzpatrick A, Guo M, Dawson G. Effects of a brief Early Start Denver model (ESDM)-based parent intervention on toddlers at risk for autism spectrum disorders: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;51(10):1052-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.003. Epub 2012 Aug 28. PMID: 23021480; PMCID: PMC3487718.
Hyman SL, Levy SE, Myers SM; COUNCIL ON CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES, SECTION ON DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PEDIATRICS. Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics. 2020
Jan;145(1):e20193447. doi: 10.1542/peds.2019-3447. Epub 2019 Dec 16. PMID: 31843864.
García-Primo P, Hellendoorn A, Charman T, Roeyers H, Dereu M, Roge B, Baduel S, Muratori F, Narzisi A, Van Daalen E, Moilanen I, de la Paz MP, Canal-Bedia R. Screening for autism spectrum disorders: state of the art in Europe. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Nov;23(11):1005-21. doi: 10.1007/s00787-014-0555-6. Epub 2014 Jun 10. PMID: 24913785; PMCID: PMC4229652.
Seize MDM, Borsa JC. Instrumentos para rastreamento de sinais precoces do autismo: revisão sistemática. Psico - USF, 22, 161-176, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712017220114.
Siu AL; US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF); Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP. Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2016 Feb 16;315(7):691-6. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0018. PMID: 26881372.
Vllasaliu L, Jensen K, Hoss S, Landenberger M, Menze M, Schütz M, Ufniarz K, Kieser M, Freitag CM. Diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD012036. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012036.
Marlow M, Servili C, Tomlinson M. A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low- and middle-income countries. Autism Res. 2019 Feb;12(2):176-199. doi: 10.1002/aur.2033. Epub 2019 Feb 1. PMID: 30707000.
Coulter KL, Barton ML, Boorstein H, Cordeaux C, Dumont-Mathieu T, Haisley L, Herlihy L, Jashar DT, Robins DL, Stone WL, Fein DA. The Toddler Autism Symptom Inventory: Use in diagnostic evaluations of toddlers. Autism. 2021 Nov;25(8):2386-2399. doi: 10.1177/13623613211021699. Epub 2021 Jun 15. PMID: 34128412; PMCID: PMC8446300.
Alonso-Esteban Y, Marco R, Hedley D, Uljarevié M, Barbaro J, Canal-Bedia R, Alcantud-Marín F. Screening instruments for early detection of autism spectrum disorder in Spanish speaking communities. Psicothema. 2020 May;32(2):245-252. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2019.340. PMID: 32249751.
Evers K, Maljaars J, Carrington SJ, Carter AS, Happé F, Steyaert J, Leekam SR, Noens I. How well are DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ASD represented in standardized diagnostic instruments? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;30(1):75-87. doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01481-z. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PMID: 32076870.
Havdahl KA, Bishop SL, Surén P, Øyen AS, Lord C, Pickles A, von Tetzchner S, Schjølberg S, Gunnes N, Hornig M, Lipkin WI, Susser E, Bresnahan M, Magnus P, Stenberg N, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stoltenberg C. The influence of parental concern on the utility of autism diagnostic instruments. Autism Res. 2017 Oct;10(10):1672-1686. doi: 10.1002/aur.1817. Epub 2017 Jun 22. PMID: 28639396; PMCID: PMC10071646.
Kamp-Becker I, Albertowski K, Becker J, Ghahreman M, Langmann A, Mingebach T, Poustka L, Weber L, Schmidt H, Smidt J, Stehr T, Roessner V, Kucharczyk K, Wolff N, Stroth S. Diagnostic accuracy of the ADOS and ADOS-2 in clinical practice. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Sep;27(9):1193-1207. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1143-y. Epub 2018 Mar 20. PMID: 29560529.
Lebersfeld JB, Swanson M, Clesi CD, O'Kelley SE. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Utility of the ADOS-2 and the ADI-R in Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorders in Children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 Nov;51(11):4101-4114. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04839-z. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PMID: 33475930.
McCarty P, Frye RE. Early Detection and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Why Is It So Difficult? Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2020 Oct;35:100831. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2020.100831. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PMID: 32892958.
Thabtah F, Peebles D. Early Autism Screening: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 19;16(18):3502. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183502. PMID: 31546906; PMCID: PMC6765988.
Backes B, Mônego BG, Bosa CA, Bandeira DR. Psychometric properties of assessment instruments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of Brazilian studies. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 63, 154-164, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000020
Silva CC, Elias LC dos S. Instrumentos de Avaliação no Transtorno do Espectro Autista: Uma Revisão Sistemática. Revista Avaliação Psicológica.; 19(2):189–97,2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2020.1902.09.
Steigleder BG, Bosa CA, Sbicigo JB. Early Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Validity Evidence of the PROTEA-R-NV. Revista Avaliação Psicológica.; 20(3):331–40, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2021.2003.19847.07.
Pacífico MC, de Paula CS, Namur VS, Lowenthal R, Bosa CA, Teixeira MCTV. Preliminary evidence of the validity process of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and semantic equivalence of the Brazilian Portuguese version. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy.; 41:218–26, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0063.
Losapio MF, Siquara GM, Lampreia C, Lázaro CP, Pondé MP. Translation into Brazilian Portuguese and validation of the M-CHAT-R/F scale for early screening of autism spectrum disorder. Revista Paulista de Pediatria.; 41:e2021262, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2021262.
Hedley D, Nevill RE, Monroy-Moreno Y, Fields N, Wilkins J, Butter E, Mulick JA. Efficacy of the ADEC in Identifying Autism Spectrum Disorder in Clinically Referred Toddlers in the US. J Autism Dev Disord. 2015 Aug;45(8):2337-48. doi: 10.1007/s10803-015-2398-5. PMID: 25737020.
Hong JS, Singh V, Kalb L, Ashkar A, Landa R. Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification. Autism Res. 2021 Jun;14(6):1284-1295. doi: 10.1002/aur.2496. Epub 2021 Mar 8. PMID: 33683018.
Nevill RE, Hedley D, Uljarević M. Brief Report: Replication and Validation of the Brief Autism Detection in Early Childhood (BADEC) in a Clinical Sample. J Autism Dev Disord. 2019 Nov;49(11):4674-4680. doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-04153-3. PMID: 31372801.
Li C, Zhu G, Feng J, Xu Q, Zhou Z, Zhou B, Hu C, Liu C, Li H, Wang Y, Yan W, Ge X, Xu X. Improving the early screening procedure for autism spectrum disorder in young children: Experience from a community-based model in shanghai. Autism Res. 2018 Sep;11(9):1206-1217. doi: 10.1002/aur.1984. Epub 2018 Sep 19. PMID: 30230702.
Factor RS, Arriaga RI, Morrier MJ, Mathys JB, Dirienzo M, Miller CA, Southerland AM, Abowd GD, Ousley OY. Development of an interactive tool of early social responsiveness to track autism risk in infants and toddlers. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2022 Mar;64(3):323-330. doi: 10.1111/dmcn.15035. Epub 2021 Aug 24. PMID: 34427344.
Coelho-Medeiros ME, Bronstein J, Aedo K, Pereira JA, Arraño V, Perez CA, Valenzuela PM, Moore R, Garrido I, Bedregal P. Validación del M-CHAT-R/F como instrumento de tamizaje para detección precoz en niños con trastorno del espectro autista. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 90(5), 492-499, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.32641/rchped.v90i5.703.
Guo C, Luo M, Wang X, Huang S, Meng Z, Shao J, Zhang X, Shao Z, Wu J, Robins DL, Jing J. Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised, with Follow-Up (M-CHAT-R/F). J Autism Dev Disord. 2019 Jan;49(1):185-196. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3682-y. PMID: 30047095.
Jonsdottir SL, Saemundsen E, Jonsson BG, Rafnsson V. Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-up in a Population Sample of 30-Month-Old Children in Iceland: A Prospective Approach. J Autism Dev Disord. 2022 Apr;52(4):1507-1522. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05053-1. Epub 2021 May 4. PMID: 33945117.
Magán-Maganto M, Canal-Bedia R, Hernández-Fabián A, Bejarano-Martín Á, Fernández-Álvarez CJ, Martínez-Velarte M, Martín-Cilleros MV, Flores-Robaina N, Roeyers H, Posada de la Paz M. Spanish Cultural Validation of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised. J Autism Dev Disord. 2020 Jul;50(7):2412-2423. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3777-5. PMID: 30328577.
Sturner R, Howard B, Bergmann P, Attar S, Stewart-Artz L, Bet K, Allison C, Baron-Cohen S. Autism screening at 18 months of age: a comparison of the Q-CHAT-10 and M-CHAT screeners. Mol Autism. 2022 Jan 3;13(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s13229-021-00480-4. PMID: 34980240; PMCID: PMC8722322.
Tsai JM, Lu L, Jeng SF, Cheong PL, Gau SS, Huang YH, Wu YT. Validation of the modified checklist for autism in toddlers, revised with follow-up in Taiwanese toddlers. Res Dev Disabil. 2019 Feb;85:205-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.11.011. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 30579261.
Wieckowski AT, Hamner T, Nanovic S, Porto KS, Coulter KL, Eldeeb SY, Chen CA, Fein DA, Barton ML, Adamson LB, Robins DL. Early and Repeated Screening Detects Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pediatr. 2021 Jul;234:227-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.03.009. Epub 2021 Mar 10. PMID: 33711288; PMCID: PMC8238814.
Windiani IGAT, Soetjiningsih S, Adnyana IGAS, Lestari KA. Indonesian Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddler, Revised with follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F) for autism screening in children at Sanglah General Hospital, Bali-Indonesia. Bali Medical Journal, 5(2), 311-315, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v5i2.240
Ruta L, Chiarotti F, Arduino GM, Apicella F, Leonardi E, Maggio R, Carrozza C, Chericoni N, Costanzo V, Turco N, Tartarisco G, Gagliano A, Allison C, Baron Cohen S, Pioggia G, Muratori F. Validation of the Quantitative Checklist for Autism in Toddlers in an Italian Clinical Sample of Young Children With Autism and Other Developmental Disorders. Front Psychiatry. 2019 Jul 17;10:488. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00488. PMID: 31427993; PMCID: PMC6690232.
Choueiri R, Wagner S. A New Interactive Screening Test for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Toddlers. J Pediatr. 2015 Aug;167(2):460-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.029. PMID: 26210844; PMCID: PMC7877705.
Choueiri R, Lindenbaum A, Ravi M, Robsky W, Flahive J, Garrison W. Improving Early Identification and Access to Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Toddlers in a Culturally Diverse Community with the Rapid Interactive screening Test for Autism in Toddlers. J Autism Dev Disord. 2021 Nov;51(11):3937-3945. doi: 10.1007/s10803-020-04851-3. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33423215; PMCID: PMC8510911.
Barbaro J, Sadka N, Gilbert M, Beattie E, Li X, Ridgway L, Lawson LP, Dissanayake C. Diagnostic Accuracy of the Social Attention and Communication Surveillance-Revised With Preschool Tool for Early Autism Detection in Very Young Children. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Mar 1;5(3):e2146415. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46415. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Apr 1;5(4):e2211193. PMID: 35275169; PMCID: PMC8917423.
Dow D, Day TN, Kutta TJ, Nottke C, Wetherby AM. Screening for autism spectrum disorder in a naturalistic home setting using the systematic observation of red flags (SORF) at 18-24 months. Autism Res. 2020 Jan;13(1):122-133. doi: 10.1002/aur.2226. Epub 2019 Oct 23. PMID: 31643148; PMCID: PMC6972690.
Pileggi ML, Brane N, Bradshaw J, Delehanty A, Day T, McCracken C, Stapel-Wax J, Wetherby AM. Early Observation of Red Flags in 12-Month-Old Infant Siblings Later Diagnosed With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2021 Jul 14;30(4):1846-1855. doi: 10.1044/2020_AJSLP-20-00165. Epub 2021 May 14. PMID: 33989505; PMCID: PMC8702865.
