A relevância do exame de ecodoplercardiograma no acompanhamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv7n2-444Keywords:
diagnóstico, doenças cardiovasculares, ecocardiograma, ecodoplercardiograma, hipertensão arterial sistêmicaAbstract
A hipertensão arterial é um fator de risco cardiovascular importante e corrigível. O diagnóstico correto da hipertensão e a avaliação precisa do risco cardiovascular são essenciais para o tratamento adequado dos pacientes com hipertensão. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de analisar a importância do exame de ecodoplercardiograma no acompanhamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Trata-se de uma revisão descritiva de literatura, cujos critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados entre os anos de 2013-2023, disponíveis na íntegra, nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, que abordassem a temática proposta. Como o ecodoplercardiografia pode detectar alterações morfológicas e hemodinâmicas cardíacas causadas pela hipertensão arterial sistêmica, é uma ferramenta poderosa para a avaliação de danos em órgãos-alvo, o que é essencial para a avaliação do risco cardiovascular. Embora não seja um estudo de imagem de primeira linha essencial, é uma excelente ferramenta para avaliação de riscos cardiovasculares futuros. Devido à sua não invasividade e fácil acesso, é também uma modalidade de imagem amplamente e mais comumente utilizada na prática cardiológica Além das modalidades ecocardiográficas convencionais e com doppler tecidual, ecocardiografia de tensão ou ecocardiografia tridimensional, também foram introduzidos para avaliar pacientes hipertensos, fornecendo informações valiosas sobre a extensão dos danos cardíacos, ajudando-nos assim a oferecer um melhor tratamento.
References
AURIGEMMA, G. P. et al. Predictive value of systolic and diastolic function for incident congestive heart failure in the elderly: the cardiovascular health study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, n. 37, p. 1042–1048, 2017.
BALTABAEVA, A. et al. How to detect early left atrial remodelling and dysfunction in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, London, n. 27, p. 2086-2093, 2017.
BARROSO, W. K. S. et al. Diretrizes Brasileiras de Hipertensão Arterial – 2020. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, São Paulo, v. 116, n. 3, p. 516-658, 2021.
CAREY, R. M. et al. Prevention and Control of Hypertension: JACC Health Promotion Series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, n. 72, p. 1278-1293, 2018.
CUSPIDI, C. et al. Prevalence and severity of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients in clinical practice. Blood Pressure, Oslo, v. 20, n. 1, p. 3-9, 2011.
CUSPIDI, C. et al. Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the assessment of prognostic risk observational survey. Journal of Hypertension, London, n. 20, p. 1307-314, 2002.
DEL VILLAR, C. P. Impact of acute hypertension transients on diastolic function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Cardiovascular Research, [s. l.], v. 113, n. 8, p. 906-914, 2017.
DEVEREUX, R. B. Echocardiography, hypertension, and left ventricular mass. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, Hillsdale NJ, vol. 7, Suppl, p. 89-104, 1988.
DOROUDI, S.; DELISI, M. D.; DEBARI, V. A. A review of echocardiograms in hypertensive patients greater than 60 years in a community based family medicine program. Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, [s. l.], v. 7, n. 1, p. 28-33, 2017.
FAGARD, R. H. et al. Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies. Hypertension, Dallas, v. 54, n. 5, p. 1084–1091, 2009.
FERREIRA FILHO, P. P. P. Padrões de Hipertrofia e Geometria do Ventrículo Esquerdo pela Ecocardiografia Transtorácica. Revista Brasileira de Ecocardiografia e Imagem Cardiovascular, São Paulo, v. 25, n. 2, p. 103-115, 2012.
GANAU, A. et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, v. 19, n. 7, p. 1550-1558, 1992.
GOPAL, A. S. et al. Left ventricular volume and endocardial surface area by three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in normal subjects. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, v. 22, n. 1, p. 258-270, 1993.
GOPAR-NIETO, R. et al. How to treat hypertension? Current management strategies [¿Cómo tratar la hipertensión arterial sistémica? Estrategias de tratamiento actuales]. Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico, México, v. 91, n. 4, p. 493-499, 2021.
GUZIK, B. M. et al. Echocardiography Predictors of Survival in Hypertensive Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. American journal of hypertension, New York, v. 34, n. 6, p. 636-644, 2021.
HAYEK, A. et al. Impact of arterial blood pressure on ultrasound hemodynamic assessment of aortic valve stenosis severity. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, v. 33, n. 11, p. 1324-1333, 2020.
ISHIZU, T. et al. Left ventricular strain and transmural distribution of structural remodeling in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension, Dallas v. 63, n. 3, p. 500-506, 2014.
JENKINS, C. et al. Reproducibility and accuracy of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular parameters using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, v. 44, n. 4, p. 878–886, 2004.
JORDAN, J.; KURSCHAT, C.; REUTER, H. Arterial Hypertension. Deutsches Ãrzteblatt international, [s. l.], v. 115, n. 33, p. 557-568, 2018.
KADWALWALA, M. et al. Blood pressure changes during routine transthoracic echocardiography. International Journal of Cardiology: Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention, [s. l.], v. 16, n. 200170, 2023.
KLEIJN, S. A. et al. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography for automatic assessment of global and regional left ventricular function based on area strain. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, v. 24, n. 3, p. 314-321, 2011.
KORKMAZ, L. et al. Predictive value of echocardiography-derived arterial compliance for increased arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients. Blood pressure monitoring, London, v. 19, n. 1, p. 1-5, 2015.
KRUMHOLZ, H. M.; LARSON, M.; LEVY, D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham heart study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, New York, v. 25, n. 4, p. 879–884, 1995.
LANG, R. M. et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the American Society of Echocardiography’s guidelines and standards committee and the chamber quantification writing group, developed in conjunction with the european association of echocardiography, a branch of the european society of cardiology. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, n. 18, p. 1440-1463, 2015.
LEE, J. H.; PARK, J. H. Role of echocardiography in clinical hypertension. Clinical hypertension. [s. l.], v. 21, p. 9, 2015.
MA, J.; CHEN, X. Advances in pathogenesis and treatment of essential hypertension. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, [s. l.], v. 9, n.1003852, 2022.
MESSERLI, F. H.; WILLIAMS, B.; RITZ, E. Essential hypertension. Lancet, London, n. 370, p. 591-603, 2017.
MILLS, K. T.; STEFANESCU, A.; HE, J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature reviews. Nephrology (Online), [s. l.], v. 16, n. 4, p. 223-237, 2020.
MITCHELL, C. et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American society of echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, v. 32, n.1, p. 1–64, 2019.
MODIN, D. Prognostic Value of Echocardiography in Hypertensive Versus Nonhypertensive Participants From the General Population. Hypertension, Dallas, v. 71, n. 4 p. 742–751, 2018.
MOR-AVI, V. et al. Current and evolving echocardiographic techniques for the quantitative evaluation of cardiac mechanics: ase/eae consensus statement on methodology and indications endorsed by the Japanese society of echocardiography. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, n. 12, p. 167–205, 2021.
PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION. World Hypertension Day – 17 May 2021. Washington, DC: PAHO, 2021.
RIBEIRO, A. C.; UEHARA, S. C. S. A. Systemic arterial hypertension as a risk factor for the severe form of covid-19: scoping review. Revista de Saúde Pública, São Paulo, v. 56, p. 20, 2022.
RUSSO, C. et al. Left atrial minimum volume and reservoir function as correlates of left ventricular diastolic function: impact of left ventricular systolic function. Heart, London, v. 98, n. 10, p. 813–820, 2012.
SANTOS, A. B.; FOPPA, M. Ecocardiograma em hipertensos – Por que fazer? Rev Bras Hipertens, Rio de Janeiro, v. 14, n. 3, p. 172-176, 2007.
TADDEI, S. et al. Epidemiology and pathophysiology of hypertension. In: Camm, A. J. et al. (contributor. The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 3th ed. Oxford University Press. 2020.
TAKEUCHI, M. Measurement of left ventricular mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation against magnetic resonance and comparison with two-dimensional and m-mode measurements. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, v. 21, n. 9, p.1001–1005, 2018.
WHELTON, P. K. et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American college of Cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines [published correction appears in hypertension. Hypertension, Dallas, v. 72, n. 3, p. e33, 2017.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. Improving hypertension control in 3 million people: country experiences of programme development and implementation. Geneva (CH): WHO; 2020.
ZOGHBI, W. A. et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American society of echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, St. Louis, v. 30, n. 4, p. 303-371, 2020.
