Prevalência e principais manifestações do long Covid: um desafio para a medicina atual
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n2-032Keywords:
complicações, Covid-19, fatores de risco, fisiopatologia, prevalênciaAbstract
Introdução: A COVID-19 produz sintomas persistentes e complicações após a infecção. A Síndrome Pós-COVID-19 é o conjunto de manifestações clínicas, geradas durante ou após a infecção pelo COVID 19, esta síndrome requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar que permita o acompanhamento dos pacientes envolvidos e a aplicação de medidas preventivas. O termo “Long COVID” é preferido para sintomas persistentes com duração superior a quatro semanas. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência, principais manifestações, fisiopatologia e fatores de risco do Long COVID. Metodologia: Uma revisão sistemática foi realizada usando o método PRISMA. Resultados: 450 artigos foram recuperados na busca realizada nas bases de dados PubMed e Scopus, após a aplicação dos critérios de elegibilidade, obteve-se um total de 29 publicações. Conclusões: A prevalência de Long COVID variou entre 48,9% e 100%, os potenciais fatores de risco foi sexo feminino, faixa etária de 49 a >55 anos, maior número de sintomas diferentes na primeira semana de infecção, presença de comorbidades, internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva; e sua fisiopatologia se deve a diferentes mecanismos de resposta do sistema imunológico contra a infecção e seus efeitos a longo prazo.
References
Abdel-Gawad, M., Zaghloul, M. S., Abd-elsalam, S., Hashem, M., Lashen, S. A., Mahros, A. M., Mohammed, A. Q., Hassan, A. M., Bekhit, A. N., Mohammed, W., & Alboraie, M. (2022). Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Clinical Manifestations: A Systematic Review. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry, 21(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871523021666220328115818
Alkodaymi, M. S., Omrani, O. A., Fawzy, N. A., Shaar, B. A., Almamlouk, R., Riaz, M., Obeidat, M., Obeidat, Y., Gerberi, D., Taha, R. M., Kashour, Z., Kashour, T., Berbari, E. F., Alkattan, K., & Tleyjeh, I. M. (2022). Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 28(5), 657. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMI.2022.01.014
Andrade, B. S., Siqueira, S., de Assis Soares, W. R., de Souza Rangel, F., Santos, N. O., Dos Santos Freitas, A., Ribeiro da Silveira, P., Tiwari, S., Alzahrani, K. J., Góes-Neto, A., Azevedo, V., Ghosh, P., & Barh, D. (2021). Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms. Viruses, 13(4), 700. https://doi.org/10.3390/V13040700
Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Akbari, A., Emami, A., Lotfi, M., Rostamihosseinkhani, M., Nemati, H., Barzegar, Z., Kabiri, M., Zeraatpisheh, Z., Farjoud-Kouhanjani, M., Jafari, A., Sasannia, F., Ashrafi, S., Nazeri, M., Nasiri, S., & Shahisavandi, M. (2021). Risk Factors Associated with Long COVID Syndrome: A Retrospective Study. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences, 46(6), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJMS.2021.92080.2326
Batiha, G. E. S., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., & Welson, N. N. (2022). Pathophysiology of Post-COVID syndromes: a new perspective. Virology Journal 2022 19:1, 19(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12985-022-01891-2
Cabrera Martimbianco, A. L., Pacheco, R. L., Bagattini, Â. M., & Riera, R. (2021). Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID‐19: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(10), 14357. https://doi.org/10.1111/IJCP.14357
Carod-Artal, F. J. (2021). Post-COVID-19 syndrome: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved. Revista de Neurologia, 72(11), 384–396. https://doi.org/10.33588/RN.7211.2021230
Carvalho-Schneider, C., Laurent, E., Lemaignen, A., Beaufils, E., Bourbao-Tournois, C., Laribi, S., Flament, T., Ferreira-Maldent, N., Bruyère, F., Stefic, K., Gaudy-Graffin, C., Grammatico-Guillon, L., & Bernard, L. (2021). Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(2), 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMI.2020.09.052
Crook, H., Raza, S., Nowell, J., Young, M., & Edison, P. (2021). Long covid—mechanisms, risk factors, and management. BMJ, 374. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.N1648
Desai, A. D., Lavelle, M., Boursiquot, B. C., & Wan, E. Y. (2022). Long-term complications of COVID-19. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, 322(1), C1. https://doi.org/10.1152/AJPCELL.00375.2021
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Palacios-Ceña, D., Gómez-Mayordomo, V., Florencio, L. L., Cuadrado, M. L., Plaza-Manzano, G., & Navarro-Santana, M. (2021). Prevalence of post-COVID-19 symptoms in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 92, 55. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.EJIM.2021.06.009
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Pellicer-Valero, O. J., Navarro-Pardo, E., Palacios-Ceña, D., Florencio, L. L., Guijarro, C., & Martín-Guerrero, J. D. (2022). Symptoms Experienced at the Acute Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection as Risk Factor of Long-term Post-COVID Symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM Multicenter Study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 116, 241–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJID.2022.01.007
Fernández-de-las-Peñas, C., Ryan-Murua, P., de-la-Llave-Rincón, A. I., Gómez-Mayordomo, V., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Torres-Macho, J. (2022). Serological biomarkers of COVID-19 severity at hospital admission are not related to long-term post-COVID pain symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors. Pain, 163(11), 2112. https://doi.org/10.1097/J.PAIN.0000000000002608
Healey, Q., Sheikh, A., Daines, L., & Vasileiou, E. (2022). Symptoms and signs of long COVID: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 12, 05014. https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.12.05014
Jacobson, K. B., Rao, M., Bonilla, H., Subramanian, A., Hack, I., Madrigal, M., Singh, U., Jagannathan, P., & Grant, P. (2021). Patients with uncomplicated COVID-19 have long-term persistent symptoms and functional impairment similar to patients with severe COVID-19: a cautionary tale during a global pandemic. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 73(3), E826–E829. https://doi.org/10.1093/CID/CIAB103
Kim, Y., Kim, S.-W., Chang, H.-H., Tae Kwon, K., Bae, S., & Hwang, S. (2021). COVID-19 viral load not associated with disease severity: findings from a retrospective cohort study. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022-07062-6
Lee, J. H., Yim, J.-J., & Park, J. (2020). Pulmonary function and chest computed tomography abnormalities 6-12 months after recovery from COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-022-02163-x
Lopez-Leon, S., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Ayuzo del Valle, N. C., Perelman, C., Sepulveda, R., Rebolledo, P. A., Cuapio, A., & Villapol, S. (2022). Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-022-13495-5
Lopez-Leon, S., Wegman-Ostrosky, T., Perelman, C., Sepulveda, R., Rebolledo, P. A., Cuapio, A., & Villapol, S. (2021). More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 16144. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41598-021-95565-8
Michelen, M., Manoharan, L., Elkheir, N., Cheng, V., Dagens, A., Hastie, C., O’Hara, M., Suett, J., Dahmash, D., Bugaeva, P., Rigby, I., Munblit, D., Harriss, E., Burls, A., Foote, C., Scott, J., Carson, G., Olliaro, P., Sigfrid, L., & Stavropoulou, C. (2021). Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 6(9), 5427. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJGH-2021-005427
Munblit, D., Bobkova, P., Spiridonova, E., Shikhaleva, A., Gamirova, A., Blyuss, O., Nekliudov, N., Bugaeva, P., Andreeva, M., DunnGalvin, A., Comberiati, P., Apfelbacher, C., Genuneit, J., Avdeev, S., Kapustina, V., Guekht, A., Fomin, V., Svistunov, A. A., Timashev, P., … Zezyulina, A. (2021). Incidence and risk factors for persistent symptoms in adults previously hospitalized for COVID-19. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 51(9), 1107–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/CEA.13997
Peghin, M., Palese, A., Venturini, M., De Martino, M., Gerussi, V., Graziano, E., Bontempo, G., Marrella, F., Tommasini, A., Fabris, M., Curcio, F., Isola, M., & Tascini, C. (2021). Post-COVID-19 symptoms 6 months after acute infection among hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(10), 1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMI.2021.05.033
Pereira, L., Gomes, Y., Neves, M., Gomes, L., Citeli, A., Alves, I., Gonçalves, J., & Nunes, P. (2020). View of COVID 19 e sua correlação com eventos trombóticos no sistema nervoso central / COVID 19 and its correlation with thrombotic events in the central nervous system. https://ojs.brazilianjournals.com.br/ojs/index.php/BJHR/article/view/21910/17485
Pinzon, R. T., Wijaya, V. O., Jody, A. Al, Nunsio, P. N., & Buana, R. B. (2022). Persistent neurological manifestations in long COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 15(8), 856. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIPH.2022.06.013
Premraj, L., Kannapadi, N. V., Briggs, J., Seal, S. M., Battaglini, D., Fanning, J., Suen, J., Robba, C., Fraser, J., & Cho, S. M. (2022). Mid and long-term neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations of post-COVID-19 syndrome: A meta-analysis. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 434, 120162. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNS.2022.120162
Remígio, M., Sampaio, I., Henrique, D., & Ruela, A. (2022). View of Achados clínicos e laboratoriais da síndrome multissistêmica pós-covid em crianças: uma revisão sistemática / Clinical and laboratory findings of post-covid multisystemic syndrome in children: a systematic review. https://ojs.brazilianjournals.com.br/ojs/index.php/BJHR/article/view/47520/pdf
Sudre, C. H., Murray, B., Varsavsky, T., Graham, M. S., Penfold, R. S., Bowyer, R. C., Pujol, J. C., Klaser, K., Antonelli, M., Canas, L. S., Molteni, E., Modat, M., Jorge Cardoso, M., May, A., Ganesh, S., Davies, R., Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Astley, C. M., … Steves, C. J. (2021). Attributes and predictors of long COVID. Nature Medicine, 27(4), 626. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41591-021-01292-Y
Tenforde, M. W., Kim, S. S., Lindsell, C. J., Rose, E. B., Shapiro, N. I., Files, D. C., Gibbs, K. W., Erickson, H. L., Steingrub, J. S., Smithline, H. A., Gong, M. N., Aboodi, M. S., Exline, M. C., Henning, D. J., Wilson, J. G., Khan, A., Qadir, N., Brown, S. M., Peltan, I. D., … Wu, M. J. (2020). Symptom Duration and Risk Factors for Delayed Return to Usual Health Among Outpatients with COVID-19 in a Multistate Health Care Systems Network — United States, March–June 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(30), 993. https://doi.org/10.15585/MMWR.MM6930E1
Yang, T., Yan, M. Z., Li, X., & Lau, E. H. Y. (2022). Sequelae of COVID-19 among previously hospitalized patients up to 1 year after discharge: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infection, 50(5), 1067. https://doi.org/10.1007/S15010-022-01862-3
Yong, S. J. (2021). Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments. Infectious Diseases (London, England), 53(10), 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2021.1924397
Zhao, Y. miao, Shang, Y. min, Song, W. bin, Li, Q. quan, Xie, H., Xu, Q. fu, Jia, J. li, Li, L. ming, Mao, H. li, Zhou, X. man, Luo, H., Gao, Y. feng, & Xu, A. guo. (2020). Follow-up study of the pulmonary function and related physiological characteristics of COVID-19 survivors three months after recovery. EClinicalMedicine, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECLINM.2020.100463
