La influencia de los disruptores endocrinos y su interacción con el organismo
A influência dos disruptores endócrinos e sua interação com o corpo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n1-046Keywords:
disruptores endocrinos, regulación hormonal, exposición ambiental, salud humanaAbstract
Los disruptores endocrinos son un extenso conjunto de compuestos y mezclas químicas capaces de modular el eje hipotálamo-hipofisario-tiroideo alterando la dinámica hormonal encargada del equilibrio hemostático, reproducción, desarrollo y comportamiento del ser humano. Se localizan de forma natural en el medio ambiente o como resultado de la producción industrial, contaminación hídrica y alimentaria, por lo que se ha evidenciado que el ser humano está sometido a una exposición masiva y universal de estos disruptores a través de la vía materno fetal, metabólica e inhalatoria, en cuya transmisión endógena predomina la línea germinal sobre la genómica, el riesgo de contaminación incrementa con la edad, y a dosis más bajas existe mayor alteración orgánica. Sin embargo, estudios realizados en productos como pesticidas, perclorato, Isoflavonas o Ácidos poliinsaturados, han revelado el papel fundamental de estos compuestos en trastornos tiroideos, de fertilidad, metabolismo, anomalías congénitas, trastornos vasculares y el cáncer. No obstante, aún se desconoce la utilidad y el mecanismo con el que actúan la gran mayoría de estos compuestos, sumado al uso indiscriminado de los mismos y a la falta de regulaciones estatales, por lo que este tema establece un paradigma que debería ser estudiado a profundidad.
References
Olea N. Disruptores endocrinos y función tiroidea. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr [Internet]. 2022; 13 (1). Available from: https://www.endocrinologiapediatrica.org/revistas/P1-E39/P1-E39-S3467-A731.pdf
Thambirajah A, Wade M, Verreault J, Buisine N, Alves V, Langlois V, Helbing C. Disruption by stealth - Interference of endocrine disrupting chemicals on hormonal crosstalk with thyroid axis function in humans and other animals. Environ. Res [Internet]. 2022; 203: 111906. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111906.
Czarnywojtek A, Jaz K, Ochmańska A, Zgorzalewicz-Stachowiak M, Czarnocka B, Sawicka-Gutaj N, Ziółkowska P, Krela-Kaźmierczak I, Gut P, Florek E, Ruchała M. The effect of endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system - current knowledge. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci [Internet]. 2021 ;25(15):4930-4940. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34355365/
Amir S, Shah STA, Mamoulakis C, Docea AO, Kalantzi OI, Zachariou A, Calina D, Carvalho F, Sofikitis N, Makrigiannakis A, Tsatsakis A. Endocrine Disruptors Acting on Estrogen and Androgen Pathways Cause Reproductive Disorders through Multiple Mechanisms: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021; 4;18(4):1464. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557243/
Santos R, Piccoli C, Cremonese C, Freire C. Thyroid and reproductive hormones in relation to pesticide use in an agricultural population in Southern Brazil. Environ. Res [Internet]. 2019; 173: 221-231. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.050
Lee D. Evidence of the Possible Harm of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Humans: Ongoing Debates and Key Issues. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) [Internet]. 2018;33(1):44-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3803%2FEnM.2018.33.1.44
Yilmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S, Kelestimur F. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord [Internet]. 2020;21(1):127-147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-019-09521-z
Demeneix B, Slama R. Endocrine Disruptors: From Scientific Evidence to Human Health Protection. EPRS [Internet]. 2019: 1-132. Available from: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/608866/IPOL_STU(2019)608866_EN.pdf
Pombo M, Castro L, Barreiro J, Cabanas P. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impact on human health. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr [Internet].2020; 11(2): 33-53. Available from: https://www.endocrinologiapediatrica.org/modules.php?name=articulos&idarticulo=619&idlangart=EN
Genco M, Anderson L, Sargis R. Unwitting Accomplices: Endocrine Disruptors Confounding Clinical Care. J Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2020;105(10):3822-3827. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa358
Merrill M, Vandenberg L, Smith M, Goodson W, Browne P, et al. Consensus on the key characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals as a basis for hazard identification. Nat Rev Endocrinol [Internet]. 2020;16(1):45-57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0273-8
Oliveira K, Chiamolera M, Giannocco G, Pazos C, Ortiga T. Thyroid Function Disruptors: from nature to chemicals. J Mol Endocrinol Endocrinol [Internet]. 2018: 62(1): 1-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1530/jme-18-0081
Rizzo G, Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Nutrients [Internet]. 2018;10(1):43. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010043
Vera R.Disruptores endocrinos y desórdenes tiroideos: identificación y análisis de los principales disruptores dietarios y no dietarios [Tesis de pregrado]. España: Universidad de les Illes Balears; 2019. Available from: https://dspace.uib.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11201/154478/Muller_Ruda_Vera.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Huser S, Guth S, Joost H, Soukup S, Kohrle J, et al. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol [Internet]. 2018;92(9):2703-2748. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8
Requena M, López A, Hernández A, Parrón T, Navarro A, Alarcón R. Environmental exposure to pesticides and risk of thyroid diseases. Toxicol Lett [Internet]. 2019;315:55-63. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.08.017
Pleus R, Corey L. Environmental exposure to perchlorate: A review of toxicology and human health. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol [Internet].2018;358:102-109. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.001
Kahn L, Philippat C, Nakayama S, Slama R, Trasande L. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. EDCs [Internet]. 2020;8(8):703-718. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30129-7
Zi-Run T, Xue-Ling X, Shou-Long D, Zheng-Xing L, Kun Y. Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus. Int. J. Mol. Sci [Internet]. 2020; 21(4):1519. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041519
Zhang C, Wu J, Chen Q, Tan H, Huang F, Guo H, Zhang X, et al. Allosteric binding on nuclear receptors: Insights on screening of non-competitive endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ. Int [Internet]. 2022;159:107009. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.107009.
Jaladanki C, He Y, Zhao L, Maurer-Stroh, Loo L, Song H, Fan H. Virtual screening of potentially endocrine-disrupting chemicals against nuclear receptors and its application to identify PPARγ-bound fatty acids. Arch Toxicol [Internet]. 2021;95:355–374. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02897-x
Sun M, Cao X, Wu Y, Shen L, Wei G. Prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and thyroid function in neonates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf [Internet]. 2022;231:113215. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113215
Benvenga S, Giusy E, Ragusa F, Sturniolo M, et al. Endocrine disruptors and thyroid autoimmunity. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism [Internet]. 2020;34(1):101377. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2020.101377
Coperchini F, Croce L, Ricci G, Magri F, et al. Thyroid Disrupting Effects of Old and New Generation PFAS. Front. Endocrinol [Internet]. 2021;11:1-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.612320
Gravel S, Lavoué J, Bakhiyi B, Lavoie J, et al. Multi-exposures to suspected endocrine disruptors in electronic waste recycling workers: Associations with thyroid and reproductive hormones. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health [Internet]. 2020;225:113445. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.113445
Fernández-Aravena C. Thyroid alterations in farmers and their relationship with the use of pesticides. Rev San Greg [Internet]. 2021;45:32-46. Available from: http://scielo.senescyt.gob.ec/pdf/rsan/v1n45/2528-7907-rsan-1-45-00032.pdf
Phillips S, Suarez J, Checkoway H, Lopez D,Gahagan S, Suarez J. Acetylcholinesterase activity and thyroid hormone levels in Ecuadorian adolescents living in agricultural settings where organophosphate pesticides are used. Int J Hyg Environ Health [Internet]. 2021;233:113691.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7965258/
Ibrahim B, Amer S, Younis S, Kofi M, Abdel A. Chronic Pesticides Exposure and Thyroid Functions among Farmers in Almnaif District - Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. SCU-MJ [Internet]. 2020;23(2):117-128. Available from: https://scumj.journals.ekb.eg/article_123149_ecab2a4e1cb728cbfd5e3d662aaa0327.pdf
Sirivarasai J, Chanprasertuthin S, Kongtip P, Woskie S. Genetic Polymorphisms of Pesticide-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Agricultural Workers and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy [Internet]. 2021;4:3435–3451. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=72757
Londoño A, Restrepo B, Sánchez J, García-Ríos A, Bayona A, Landázuri P. Pesticides and hypothyroidism in farmers of plantain and coffee growing areas in Quindio, Colombia. Rev salud pública [Internet]. 2018;20(2). Available from: https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.V20n2.57694
Varticovski L, Stavreva D, McGowan A, Raziuddin R, Hager D. Endocrine disruptors of sex hormone activities. Mol Cell Endocrinol [Internet]. 2022; 1(539):111415. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34339825/
Stukenborg J, Mitchell R, Söder O. Endocrine disruptors and the male reproductive system. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab [Internet]. 2021;35(5):101567. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34426080/
Amir S, Shah S, Mamoulakis C, Docea A, Kalantzi O, Zachariou A, et al. Endocrine Disruptors Acting on Estrogen and Androgen Pathways Cause Reproductive Disorders through Multiple Mechanisms: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2021:4;18(4):1464. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557243/
Cargnelutti F, Di Nisio A, Pallotti F, Sabovic I, Spaziani M, Tarsitano M, et al. Effects of endocrine disruptors on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age. Endocrine [Internet]. 2021;72(2):358-374. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32757113/
Czarnywojtek A, Jaz K, Ochmańska A, ZgorzalewiczM, Czarnocka B, Sawicka N, et al. The effect of endocrine disruptors on the reproductive system - current knowledge. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci [Internet]. 2021;25(15):4930-4940. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34355365/
Souza C, Becker E, Junqueira J, Mello R. A critical analysis of the impact of endocrine disruptors as a possible etiology of primary ovarian insufficiency. JBRA Assisted Reproduction [Internet]. 2020;24(3):324-331. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5935/1518-0557.20200005.
Xianzhi S, Xiaomei W, Yifei L, Wenjuan K, Fei Y, et al. Effect of Jiajian Guishen Formula on the senescence-associated heterochromatic foci in mouse ovaria after induction of premature ovarian aging by the endocrine-disrupting agent 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide. Journal of Ethnopharmacology [Internet]. 2021;269:113720. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.113720
Da Costa F, Thiago F. Oliveira C. Freitas A, Padilha M, et al. Subacute cadmium exposure disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to polycystic ovarian syndrome and premature ovarian failure features in female rats. Environmental Pollution [Internet]. 2021;269:116154. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116154
SuyunZ, Rongrong T, Rui P, Jianwei X, Ying T, et al. Association of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Premature Ovarian Insufficiency in Chinese Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism [Internet]. 2018;103(7):2543–255. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02783
Wieczorek K, Szczesna D, Jurewicz J. Environmental Exposure to Non-Persistent Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Endometriosis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health [Internet]. 2022;19(9);5608. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095608
Calaf G, Ponce R, Aguayo F, Muñoz J, Bleak T. Endocrine disruptors from the environment affecting breast cancer (Review). Oncol Lett [Internet]. 2020:19-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11566
Radhika G, Prashant K, Nighat F, Bhaskar G, Sriparna D, et al. Endocrine disruption and obesity: A current review on environmental obesogens. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry [Internet]. 2020;3:100009. Available from:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2020.06.002
Martins C, Teles B, Graciano N, Lourenco C, Silva P, et al. Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and anthropometric measures of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ [Internet]. 2020;10:e033509.Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033509
Predieri B, Bruzzi P, Bigi S, Madeo S, et al. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Type 1 Diabetes. Int. J. Mol. Sci [Internet]. 2020;21:2937. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21082937
