Biosecurity and infectious diseases: contemporary challenges / Biossegurança e doenças infecciosas: desafios contemporâneos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv5n2-211Keywords:
biosafety, infectious diseases .Abstract
Introduction: Infectious diseases are a frequent object of study and interest for science. Thus, great advances have been obtained in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of such diseases. The current theme of biosafety - actions designed to prevent, control, reduce or eliminate risks inherent in activities that can compromise human, animal and plant health and the environment. Objective: This manuscript will focus on the discussion of: standard biosafety precautions, vaccination for healthcare workers, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis for some respiratory and biological fluid transmitted diseases. Method: Literature review with articles that discuss about creation and maintenance of safety committees such as the Internal Commission for Accident Prevention (CIPA), Specialized Services for Safety Engineering and Occupational Medicine (SESMT), and/or the Commission for Hospital Infection Control (CCIH). Results: It is necessary to expand monitoring in biosafety, through cooperation between countries in risk analysis, prevention resources and control of infectious diseases. Conclusions: Biosafety norms are fundamental for the confrontation of infectious diseases and must be followed by health professionals. The construction of biosafety care is a collective ethical and social commitment of respect, trust and responsibility.
References
Ahmad T, Dhama HK, Sharun K, Khan FM, Ahmed I, Tiwari R, Musa TH, Khan M, Bonilla-Aldana KD, Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Hui J. Biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid-review. Turk J Biol, 2020; 44: 132-145, doi:10.3906/biy-2005-63
Almeida JO, Oliveira VRT, Avelar JLS, Moita BS, Lima LM. Almeida COVID-19: Pathophysiology and Targets for Therapeutic Intervention. Rev. Virtual Chem., 2020, 12 (6), 1464-1497.
Araújo MRS, Silva HP, & Silva AKLS. (2016). Situational assessment of biosafety in tuberculosis in Basic Health Units in the Amazon. Brazilian Journal of Occupational Health, 41, e21. Epub December 12, 2016.https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-6369000125115
Asano Y, Yoshikawa T, Suga S, Kobayashi I, Nakashima T, Yazaki T, Ozaki T, Yamada A, Imanishi J. Postexposure prophylaxis of varicella in family contact by oral acyclovir. Pediatrics 1993;92:219-222.
Ather B, Mirza TM, Edemekong PF. Airborne Precautions. StatPearls Publishing, 2020
Bahia (State). State Secretariat of Health. Superintendence of Surveillance and Health Protection. Health Surveillance and Control Directory. Brazil. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Institute of Health Sciences. Biosafety Manual. Salvador/BA. 2001
Bolon MK. Hand Hygiene: An Update. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016 Sep;30(3):591-607.
Brand CI, & Fontana RT. (2014). Biosafety in the perspective of the nursing staff of Intensive Care Units. Brazilian Journal of Nursing, 67(1), 78-84. https://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0034-7167.20140010
Brazil. Ministério da Saúde. Recommendations for care and monitoring of occupational exposure to biological material: HIV and hepatitis B and C. Brasília: MS, 2004.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Intervenções e Medidas de Prevenção e Controle da Resistência Microbiana. Brasília: MS, 2010. Available at http://www.anvisa.gov.br/servicosaude/controle/precaucoes_a3.pdf.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Care. Department of Strategic Programmatic Actions. Exposição a material biológicos / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Ações Programáticas Estratégicas. - Brasília: Publisher of the Ministry of Health, 2006.
Brazil. Ministério da Saúde. Recommendations for care and monitoring of occupational exposure to biological material: HIV and hepatitis B and C. 2010.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Office of the Minister. Ordinance No. 1.823, of August 23, 2012. Institui a Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora. Diário Oficial da União, section 1, p. 46, 24 Aug. 2012a. Available at <http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/saudelegis/gm/2012/prt1823_23_08_2012.html>.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Health surveillance guide. Brasília: Editora do Ministério da Saúde, 2014.
Brazil. Ministry of Health - Secretariat of Health Surveillance - Department of STD, AIDS and Viral Hepatitis. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Profilaxia Antirretroviral Pós-Exposição de Risco à Infecção pelo HIV. Brasília: Ministry of Health, 2015.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Surveillance - Department of STD, AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis. Clinical protocol and therapeutic guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for the risk of HIV, STIs and viral hepatitis infections. Brasília: Ministry of Health, 2017.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Surveillance. Department of STD, AIDS, and Viral Hepatitis. Clinical protocol and therapeutic guidelines for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for risk for HIS, STI, and viral hepatitis infection. Brasília: Ministry of Health, 2018.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Surveillance. Advisory Commissions related to STIs, HIV/AIDS and Viral Hepatitis Portaria Nº 20, DE 14 DE MAIO DE 2018. BRASILIA/ DF.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Care. Yellow fever: guide for health professionals-/-Ministry of Health - 1. ed., current. - Brasília/DF, 2018.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Surveillance. Department of Surveillance of Transmissible Diseases. General coordination of public health laboratories. Brasília; Ministry of Health; 2019.
Brazil. National Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Single Health Setting. MS 2018-2022. Secretary of Health Surveillance. Department of Surveillance of Transmissible Diseases. Brasília /DF, 2019.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Secretariat of Health Surveillance. General Coordination for Development of Epidemiology in Services. Health Surveillance Guide: single volume [electronic resource]/Ministry of Health, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, General Coordination of Development of Epidemiology in Services. - 3.ed. - Brasília: Ministry of Health, 2019.
Brazil. Ministry of Health. Orientações para evitar a disseminação do coronavirus. Secretaria de Gestão do Trabalho e da Educação na Saúde (SGTES/MS) e da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Sistema UNA-SUS, Mar. 2020.
Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1485-90.
Cardoso TAO, Schatzmayr HG. Panorama of the Constructive Process of Risk-Related Norms in Science Making. In: COSTA, M.A.F.; COSTA, M.F.B. (Orgs.) Biossegurança de OGM: Saúde Humana e Ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Papel & Virtual, 2003. p.27-47.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001 Jun 29;50(RR-11):1-52.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand HygieneTask Force. MMWR 2002 Oct 25;51(RR-16):1-45.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: Immunization of Adults. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006;55(RR-16):1-40.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55(RR-07):1-23.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Recommendations and reports: updated CDC recommendations for the management of hepatitis B virus-infected health-care providers and students. MMWR Recomm. Rep. , Atlanta, v. 61, n. RR-3, p. 1-12, 2012.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), and Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. [cited 2019 May 17] Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/index.html
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Recognizing the Biosafety Levels. Quick Learn Lesson. [2021]. https://www.cdc.gov/training/QuickLearns/biosafety/
Costa MAF. Biosafety. Segurança química básica para ambientes biotecnológicos e hospitalares. São Paulo: Ed. Santos, 1996.
Dhama K, Sharun K, Tiwari R, Dadar M, Malik Y et al. (2020b). COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: Advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics and therapeutics. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1735227
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak: an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Guyton AC, HALL JE. Tratado de Fisiologia Médica. 9. ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara, 1997. 1013p.
Hambleton S, Gershon AA. Preventing varicella-zoster disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005; 18:70-80
Ippolito G, Puro V, Heptonstall J, Jagger J, De Carli G, Petrosillo N et al. Occupational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Health Care Workers. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:365-383.
Kuhar DT, Henderson DK, Struble KA, Heneine W, Thomas V, Cheever LW, Gomaa A, Panlilio AL, and for the US Public Health Service Working Group. Updated US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 2013; 34(9):875-92.
Kumagai T, Kamada M, Igarashi C, Yuri K, Furukawa H, Chiba S, Kojima H, Saito A, Okui T, Yano S. Varicella-zoster virus-specific cellular immunity in subjects given acyclovir after household chickenpox exposure. J Infect Dis 1999;180:834-7.
Lacerda TC, Souza FM, Prado TN, Locatelli RL, Fregona G, Lima RCD, & Maciel EL. (2017). Tuberculosis infection among primary care health professionals. Brazilian Journal of Pulmonology, 43(6), 416-423. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562016000000211
Lin TY, Huang YC, Ning HC, Hsueh C. Oral acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella after intimate contact. J Pediatr Infect Dis 1997;16:1162-65.
Marin M, Güris DChaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of varicella: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2007 Jun 22;56(RR-4):1-40.
Mello JS, Silva MP, & Cardoso TAO. (2012). Integrating Terminology to understand biosafety. Physis: Journal of Collective Health, 22(1), 239-252. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312012000100013
Mohan SV, Hemalatha M, Kopperi H, Ranjith I, Kumar AK. SARS-CoV-2 in environmental perspective: Occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges. Chem Eng J. 2021;405:126893. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126893
Oppermann CM, Pires LC. Manual de biossegurança para serviços de saúde. PMPA/SMS/CGVS. Porto Alegre/RS. 2003;80p.:il. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/viewer.html?pdfurl= http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiocruz.br%2Fbiosseguranca%2FBis%2Fmanuais%2Fbiosseguranca%2Fmanual_biosseguranca-servicos_saude.pdf&clen=324863&chunk=true
Penna PMM, Aquino CF, Castanheira DD, Brandi IV, Cangussu ASR, Macedo SE, Sari RS, Silva MP, & Miguel ÂSM. (2010). Biosafety: a review. Archives of the Biological Institute, 77(3), 555-565. Epub December 18, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-1657v77p5552010.
Prateek Bahl, Con Doolan, Charitha de Silva, Abrar Ahmad Chughtai, Lydia Bourouiba, C Raina MacIntyre. Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19? J Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 16 : jiaa189. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa189.
Rego G, T. Comunicação Empresarial/Comunicação Institucional. Editora Afiliada, 1986. p. 39.
Santos JLG, Lanzoni GMM, Costa MFBNA, Debetio JO, Sousa LP, Santos LS, Marcelino TB, & Mello ALSF. (2020). How are university hospitals facing the pandemic of COVID-19 in Brazil? Acta Paulista de Enfermagem, 33, eAPE20200175. Epub October 19, 2020.https://dx.doi.org/10.37689/acta-ape/2020ao01755
Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, Nelson NP. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018;67(1):1-31.
Segata J. (2020). Covid-19, biosecurity and anthropology. Anthropological Horizons, 26(57), 275-313. Epub July 20, 2020.https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-71832020000200010
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L, and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings. https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/index.html
Tsai CC, Emau P, Follis KEBeck TW, Benveniste RE, Bischofberger N, Lifson JD, Morton WR. Effectiveness of postinoculation (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine treatment for prevention of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment. J Virol. 1998 May;72 (5):4265-73.
Tsai CC, Follis KESabo A, Beck TW, Grant RF, Bischofberger N, Benveniste RE, Black R. Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine. Science. 1995 Nov 17; (2705239):1197-9.
World Health Organization. Hand hygiene technical reference manual: to be used by health-care workers, trainers and observers of hand hygiene practices.Geneva: WHO Press, 2009. 31 p.
World Health Organization. Pan American Health Organization (2020). Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions: scientific brief, 09 July 2020. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/333114. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Zhou D, Song H, Wang J, Li Z, Xu S, Ji X, Xu J. (2019). Biosafety and biosecurity. Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. doi:10.1016/j.jobb.2019.01.001
