Avaliação do teor de metais pesados em águas engarrafadas comercializadas nas cidades de Maputo e Matola
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34115/basrv9n2-008Keywords:
água engarrafada, metais pesados, qualidade da águaAbstract
Em Moçambique, o consumo de água engarrafada tem crescido nas zonas urbanas devido a factores como a disponibilidade de água potável, exiguidade de infraestruturas de tratamento de água e baixa confiança na qualidade da água da rede pública. A água engarrafada é reconhecida pela sua pureza e presença de minerais benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, em excesso, alguns minerais podem comprometer sua qualidade e representar risco à saúde. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a concentração de metais pesados em águas engarrafadas comercializadas nas cidades de Maputo e Matola, verificando a conformidade com os limites estabelecidos pela legislação nacional, pelas normas da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) e da Agência de Protecção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos (EPA). Foram colectadas 12 marcas diferentes e analisadas as concentrações de metais pesados de arsénio, cádmio, chumbo, níquel, tálio e urânio, recorrendo ao método de Espectrometria de Emissão Óptica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP-OES). Os resultados revelam ausência de metais pesados em 3 marcas, enquanto que em 9 apresentaram concentrações acima do limite máximo estabelecido pela legislação. Contudo, a avaliação de risco indicou que essas concentrações não constituem risco significativo para a saúde humana. Assim, estas águas são consideradas seguras para o consumo humano.
References
Amalina, F., Razak, A. S. A., Krishnan, S., Sulaiman, H., Zularisam, A. W., & Nasrullah, M. (2022). Biochar production techniques utilizing biomass waste-derived materials and environmental applications – A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 7(July), 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100134
Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D., & Rice, E. W. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. In Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd Editi, pp. 2–66). American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation.
Bakirdere, S., Yaroǧlu, T., Tirik, N., Demiröz, M., Fidan, A. K., Maruldali, O., & Karaca, A. (2013). Determination of As, Cd, and Pb in tap water and bottled water samples by using optimized GFAAS system with Pd-Mg and Ni as matrix modifiers. Journal of Spectroscopy, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/824817
Bhuiyan, M. A. H., Islam, M. A., Dampare, S. B., Parvez, L., & Suzuki, S. (2010). Evaluation of hazardous metal pollution in irrigation and drinking water systems in the vicinity of a coal mine area of northwestern Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1–3), 1065–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.114
Bi, S. S., Jin, H. T., Talukder, M., Ge, J., Zhang, C., Lv, M. W., Yaqoob Ismail, M. A., & Li, J. L. (2021). The protective effect of nnano-selenium against cadmium-induced cerebellar injury via the heat shock protein pathway in chicken. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 154(June), 112332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112332
Biswas, P.; Uddin, N.; Alam, S.; Tamjid-Us-Sakib; Sultana, S.; Ahmed, T. (2017). Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution Indices in Irrigation and Drinking Water Systems of Barapukuria Coal Mine Area, Bangladesh. American Journal of Water Resources, 5(5), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-5-5-2
Blain, R. (2021). Thallium. In M. Nordberg, Gunnar F.; Costa (Ed.), Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals: Vol. II (Fifth). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822946-0.01001-1
Capellini, V. L. M. F., Rodrigues, O. M. P. R., Melchiori, L. E., & Valle, T. G. M. do. (2008). Crianças Contaminadas por Chumbo: estudo comparativo sobre desempenho escolar. Estudos Em Avaliação Educacional, 19(39), 155. https://doi.org/10.18222/eae193920082474
Cheam, V. (2001). Thallium Contamination of Water in Canada. Water Quality Research Journal, 36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2001.046
Diploma Ministerial 180/2004. (2004). Diploma Ministerial 180/2004. Boletim Da República, I Série - No 37, 14.
Dippong, T., Hoaghia, M. A., Mihali, C., Cical, E., & Calugaru, M. (2020). Human health risk assessment of some bottled waters from Romania. Environmental Pollution, 267, 115409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115409
Dórea, J. G. (2008). Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances in fish: Human health considerations. Science of the Total Environment, 400(1–3), 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.017
Edet, A. E., & Offiong, O. E. (2002). Evaluation of water quality pollution indices for heavy metal contamination monitoring. A study case from Akpabuyo-Odukpani area, Lower Cross River Basin (southeastern Nigeria). GeoJournal, 57(4), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GEJO.0000007250.92458.de
Ghaderpoori, M., Mirzaei, N., Sharafi, K., Rezaei, S., Bagheri, A., Ahmadpour, M., Fard, R. F., & Farhang, M. (2018). Comparison of bottled waters current brands in term of important chemical parameters(Nitrate, fluoride, chloride, sulfate)effecting on health. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 10(3), 328–333.
Ghobadi, A., & Amin, J. (2017). Cromo, Níquel e Manganês nos Recursos de Água Subterrânea da Planície de Asadabad. Arco. Hyg. Ciência, 81–87.
Huang, J. L., Mo, Z. Y., Li, Z. Y., Liang, G. Y., Liu, H. L., Aschner, M., Ou, S. Y., Zhou, B., Chen, Z. M., & Jiang, Y. M. (2021). Association of lead and cadmium exposure with kidney stone incidence: A study on the non-occupational population in Nandan of China. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 68(August), 126852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126852
Insley, B. M., Grufferman, S., & Edward Ayliffe, H. (1986). Thallium poisoning in cocaine abusers. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 4(6), 545–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-6757(86)80016-X
Jafarzadeh, N., Heidari, K., Meshkinian, A., Kamani, H., Mohammadi, A. A., & Conti, G. O. (2022). Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in underground water resources in Saraven, Iran: Spatial distribution, monte-carlo simulation, sensitive analysis. Environmental Research, 204(PA), 112002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112002
Keith, Larry; Faroon, O. (2021). Uranium. In M. Nordberg, Gunnar (Editor); Costa (Ed.), Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals Vol. II - Specific Metals (Fifth Edit). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822946-0.00028-3
Larsen and Sanchez-Triana 2023.pdf. (n.d.).
Leclerc, H., & Moreau, A. (2002). Microbiological safety of natural mineral water. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(02)00097-9
Lima, V. F., & Merçon, F. (2011). Os Metais Pesados No Ensino De Química. Educação Ambiental, 33. https://doi.org/10.46943/viii.conedu.2022.gt14.011
López, E., Figueroa, S., Oset-Gasque, M. J., & González, M. P. (2003). Apoptosis and necrosis: Two distinct events induced by cadmium in cortical neurons in culture. British Journal of Pharmacology, 138(5), 901–911. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705111
Melo, D., & Burkart, W. (2019). Uranium: Environmental pollution and health effects. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Second Edi, Vol. 6, Issue 71). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63951-6.00658-6
Muhammad, S., Tahir Shah, M., & Khan, S. (2010). Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(10), 2855–2864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.07.018
OE, B., & OS, A. (2017). Determination of Heavy Metal Profile in Bottled Water and Sachet Water Samples Obtained From Various Markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Environment Pollution and Climate Change, s1(2), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2573-458x.1000114
Olowoyo, J. O., Chiliza, U., Selala, C., & Macheka, L. (2022). Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in Bottled Water Purchased from Various Retail Stores in Pretoria, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215131
Rahman, M. M., Naidu, R., & Bhattacharya, P. (2009). Arsenic contamination in groundwater in the Southeast Asia region. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 31(SUPPL. 1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-008-9233-2
Raj, K., & Das, A. P. (2023). Lead pollution: Impact on environment and human health and approach for a sustainable solution. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 5(February), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2023.02.001
Schaefer, H. R., Flannery, B. M., Crosby, L. M., Pouillot, R., Farakos, S. M. S., Van Doren, J. M., Dennis, S., Fitzpatrick, S., & Middleton, K. (2023). Reassessment of the cadmium toxicological reference value for use in human health assessments of foods. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 144(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105487
Sullivan, M. J., & Leavey, S. (2011). Heavy metals in bottled natural spring water. Journal of Environmental Health, 73(10), 8–13.
Viraraghavan, T., & Srinivasan, A. (2019). Thallium: Environmental pollution and health effects. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health (Second Edi, Vol. 6). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63951-6.00643-4
WHO. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Addendum. In Journal - American Water Works Association (Vol. 109, Issue 7).
Zambelli, B., Uversky, V. N., & Ciurli, S. (2016). Nickel impact on human health: An intrinsic disorder perspective. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics, 1864(12), 1714–1731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.008
