Environmental impact of lead in soybeans (Glycine max L.) marketed in the canton of Quevedo, Ecuador
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34115/basrv9n1-003Keywords:
environmental impact, toxic metals, food safety, tradeAbstract
The bioaccumulation of lead in soybean crops, originating in contaminated soils, represents a significant environmental problem and a risk to public health due to the inherent toxic metal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact of lead in samples of soybeans (Glycine max L.) marketed in the canton of Quevedo, Ecuador. Grain samples were collected randomly, in triplicate, from four local markets during a period of [indicate period] and a control sample from a non-contaminated cultivation area. The samples were subjected to a preparation process that included drying, grinding, acid digestion with concentrated HNO₃ and HCl, and dilution. Lead determination was carried out by electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The calculation of the lead contamination index was performed using a standardized equation, contrasting the results obtained with the maximum allowable limits established by national (NTE INEN 452:2013) and international (Codex Alimentarius, European Union) regulations. The results evidenced an average concentration of lead in the soybean samples of 1.15 ± 0.13 mg.kg-1, significantly exceeding the maximum allowable limits. The calculated contamination index indicated a high level of contamination in the analyzed grains, which represents a risk to both the ecosystem and human health when consumed. These findings underscore the need to implement environmental and food management strategies to reduce lead contamination in soybean crops, thus ensuring food safety and public health protection.
References
Alimentarius C. Norma general del CODEX para los contaminantes y las toxinas presentes en los alimentos y piensos (CODEX STAN 193-1995). 1995.
ANMAT. Muestreo de Alimentos. ANMAT. 2018.
Barragan Monrroy, R. J., Sabando Cedeño, C. M., Zapata Velasco, M. L., Macías Mendoza, A. M., & Coello Bajaña, N. S. (2024). Environmental impact of lead in soybean beans (Glycine max l.) commercialized in Babahoyo canton, Ecuador. Revista Científica Internacional, 11(1), 254–271. https://www.uticvirtual.edu.py/revista.
ojs/index.php/revistas/article/view/206/326
Bravo Carlos P, Quispe Liduvina S. Metales pesados: fuentes y su toxicidad sobre la salud humana heavy metals: sources and his toxicity about human health. Revista de ciencia. 2018;2.
Díaz O, Recabarren E, Ward J, Villalobos J. Metales pesados: aspectos ecológicos y tecnológico-alimentarios. 2019;
Cavazos-Arroyo, J., Pérez-Armendáriz, B., & Mauricio-Gutiérrez, A. (2014). Impacts and consequences from hydrocarbon spills on agricultural soils in Acatzingo, Puebla, México. Agricultura, Sociedad y Desarrollo, 11(4), 539–550. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-54722014000400006
Choez-Quiroz, V., Paz, O., & Valdes-Carmenate, R. (2017). Diagnóstico sociocultural del cultivo de soya en San Juan de Pueblo Viejo, Ecuador. Cultivos Tropicales, 38(3), 81–85. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?pid=S0258-59362017000300012&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en
FAO. (2018). La contaminación de los suelos está contaminando nuestro futuro. Reportajes de La FAO. https://www.fao.org/newsroom/story/Polluting-our-soils-is-polluting-our-future/es
Garcia, F. O., Ciampitti, I. A., & Baigorri, H. (2009). Manual de manejo del cultivo de Soja. In International Plant Nutrition Institute.
Guamán, R., Andrade, C., Peralta, L., Triviño, C., Espinoza, A., Arias, M., Amores, F. M., Peñaherrera, L. A., Peñafiel, W., Castro, P., & Manzano, B. (1996). Manual del cultivo de soya. In INIAP, Estación Experimental Boliche, Programa Nacional de Soya (INIAP).
INEN. Instituto nacional de estadística y censos. 2010 [cited 2024 May 8]. Base de Datos-Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010. Available from: https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/base-de-datos-censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/
INEN. Norma NTE INEN 452:2013, cereales y leguminosas. Soja en grano. Requisitos. Primera edición. 2013.
Latimer GWJr. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. AOAC International; 2016.
McKevith B. Nutritional aspects of cereals. Vol. 29, Nutrition Bulletin. Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2004. p. 111–42.
Mao F, Nan G, Cao M, Gao Y, Guo L, Meng X, et al. The metal distribution and the change of physiological and biochemical process in soybean and mung bean plants under heavy metal stress. Int J Phytoremediation. 2018 Sep 19;20(11):1113–20.
Ministerio de Agricultira y Ganadería. «Informe de Rendimiento Objetivos de soya.» 2022.
Morán Caicedo, I., Mejía Gonzales, A., Beltrán Castro, F., & Mejía Gonzales Fidel Beltrán Castro, A. (2019). Industrialización del cultivo de soya. Observatorio de La Economía Latinoamericana, 11, 25. https://www.eumed.net/rev/oel/2019/11/industrializacioncultivo-soya.html
Monrroy, R. J. B., Sánchez, L. R. B., & Puentes, J. C. T. (2022). Cuantificación de cadmio y plomo en granos de soja (glycine max) comercializados en el cantón Quevedo, Ecuador.
Needleman, H. (2004). Lead Poisoning. Annual Review of Medicine, 55(1), 209–222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.103653
Noyola L. El plomo en la alfarería POBLANA. Elementos [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2024 Aug 17];107:11–20. Available from: https://elementos.buap.mx/directus/
storage/uploads/00000000554.pdf
OMS. Organización Muncial de la Salud. 2022 [cited 2024 May 8]. Intoxicación por plomo y salud. Available from: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
OMS. (2022). Intoxicación por plomo y salud. Obtenido de Datos y cifras: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health
OPS/OMS. (2015). Plomo. Obtenido de Organización panamericana de la salud: https://www.paho.org/es/temas/plomo#:~:text=El%20plomo%20es%20un%20metal,%2 C%20del%20aparato%20digestivo%2C%20renales.
Pérez López E, Carlina D, Rodríguez A. Cuantificación por absorción atómica de Cu, Fe y Zn en alcohol destilado y agua. Vol. 10. 2018.
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Procedimiento Operativo Estándar (POE) Muestras de Testigos. Bogotá; 2013
Ramírez, H. P., Arce, T., Loor, W., & Quiñonez, G. (2023). La soya en Ecuador: importancia y alternativas para su producción sustentable con rentabilidad económica. Agroalimentaria Journal-Revista Agroalimentaria, 28(55), 19–38.
Real Academia Española. Testigo [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Jan 11]. Available from: https://dle.rae.es/testigo#sinonimosZfWvJyK
Rodríguez, Natalia, Michael McLaughlin, y Daniel Pennock. La contaminación del suelo: una. Roma: FAO, 2019
Rubio C, Gutiérrez AJ, Izquierdo RM, Revert C, Lozano G, Hardisson A. El plomo como contaminante alimentario. Revista de toxicología [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2024 Aug 17];21(2–3):72–80. Available from: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=91921303
Salazar, M. J., Rodriguez, J. H., Nieto, G. L., & Pignata, M. L. (2012). Effects of heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Zn and Pb) in agricultural soils near different emission sources on quality, accumulation and food safety in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 233–234, 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.026
Sharma S, Kaur Nagpal A. Heavy metal contamination in soil, food crops and associated health risks for residents of Ropar wetland, Punjab, India and its environs. Food Chem. 2018 Jul 30;225:15–22.
Tello, M. (2015). Evaluación del riesgo toxicológico de plomo y cadmio en suelos del entorno del Parque Industrial de la ciudad de Cuenca [ Tesis de Magister, Universidad Estatal de Cuenca ]. Cuenca
Tchounwou P, Yedjou C, Patlolla A, Sutton D. Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment. Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. 2012;3:133–64.
Tukker, A., Buist, H., van Oers, L., & van der Voet, E. (2006). Risks to health and environment of the use of lead in products in the EU. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 49(2), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.03.005
Unión Europea. Legislación de la Unión Europea de contaminantes químicos en productos alimetarios. 2003.
Verstraeten, S. V., Aimo, L., & Oteiza, P. I. (2008). Aluminium and lead: molecular mechanisms of brain toxicity. Archives of Toxicology, 82(11), 789–802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204- 008-0345-3
